Esta disertación tiene por objetivo analizar la producción del espacio del barrio Jardim Renascença II, uno de los barrios más valorizados de São Luís-MA, a partir de su infraestructura urbana con la intención de identificar como este se inserta a la lógica del emprendimiento urbano que favorece los intereses del sector inmobiliario. En esta perspectiva, iniciamos por una análisis que buscó identificar mediante la planificación urbana los procesos que configuraron la ciudad a partir de la intensificación del proceso de urbanización, acontecido a partir de la segunda mitad do siglo XX, con el objetivo de identificar los agentes y las acciones que repercutieron en el área que hoy corresponde al barrio Renascença II; fue realizada una caracterización de la infraestructura urbana del barrio considerando su morfología y sus sistemas técnicos a partir de un recorte metodológico que se dividió en tres ejes: el sistema viario, la oferta de servicios y equipamientos colectivos urbanos y saneamiento básico; por fin, se buscó comprender como la concepción ideológica del emprendimiento urbano se reifica en el Renascença II a partir de la infraestructura urbana de que dispone y la forma como esta favorece la actuación del capital inmobiliario. La investigación fue desarrollada considerando los siguientes procedimientos técnicos: investigación bibliográfica, investigación documental, levantamiento de datos y trabajo de campo, ancorados bajo la perspectiva del materialismo histórico-dialéctico. Así, del punto de vista del enfoque del problema de la investigación esta puede ser considerada mixta, ya que contó con un enfoque cualitativo hecho bajo el empuje de las relaciones, procesos i fenómenos que no pueden ser calculados a partir apenas de variables cuantificables, pero, también se utilizó del abordaje cuantitativo, mediante datos que aportaron informaciones de la medición de les fenómenos analizados. Con el desarrollo de la investigación fue posible identificar a los agentes que produjeron el espacio urbano de São Luís en el período observado de entre los cuales se puede destacar el Estado, en sus tres esferas, y los promotores inmobiliarios. Se identificó que estos agentes actuaron a partir de cuatro vectores que contribuyeron para la producción del espacio en la ciudad: la ampliación del sistema viario, los programas de habitación, la modernización del campo y la reestructuración productiva. El análisis hecho bajo la perspectiva del planeamiento de la ciudad permitió constatar que el Renascença II siempre fue reconocido como un barrio con tendencia a la valorización como consecuencia de su localización y “calidad urbanística”, es decir, por estar próximo al litoral de la ciudad y poseer buenas condiciones de infraestructura. Quedó evidente que esta perspectiva de reconocimiento del Renascença refleja la lógica del emprendimiento urbano, del planeamiento estratégico, al cual el barrio fue sometido a lo largo del tiempo y que lo posicionó en ventaja ubicacional como resultado de su infraestructura urbana. La análisis descriptiva de la infraestructura y de algunos de los emprendimientos inmobiliarios permitió aclarar como la localización y las infraestructuras físicas y sociales del Renascença II favorecen la atracción de las inversiones de las empresas del capital inmobiliario en el ramo de la construcción civil y como estas actividades económicas demandan más inversiones en infraestructura urbana que, por al mismo tiempo, valoriza todavía más al barrio y atrae nuevos emprendimientos inmobiliarios (residenciales y comerciales). En definitiva, todo este movimiento en torno de las actividades que se desarrollan en el barrio promueve un ciclo de (re)producción del espacio del Renascença II.

This research presents the partial results developed throughout the years 2022 and the first semester of 2023. Its general goal is to understand the behavior of land use and land cover in the Gurupi Biological Reserve (REBIO) across time, from 1985 to 2020. It seeks to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the spatial distributions of land use and land cover, verifying through the reconstruction of the data of burned areas available in MAPBIOMAS, the incidence of fire over the 35 years. In addition, the carbon balance between the regeneration, deforestation and burning classes will be analyzed both within the REBIO and in the 10 km buffer zone proposed by the reserve's Management Plan. So far, the quantitative data showed that the Forest Formation class has decreased around 8,29% since 1985, with a greater decrease between the years 2000 and 2005, a period in which the Pasture class increased. These data contributed to the analysis of deforestation and regeneration of the REBIO, clarifying the ecological and social relevance of the reserve, but which lives under conflicts between environmental and agrarian reform agencies, due to existing occupations even before it received the title of Biological Reserve. Some interviews with institutional and social leaders were applied, in order to assist in the interpretation of quantitative data that reflects the reality faced by the region over the years. The next step will consist of the survey of fires and biomass to perform the carbon balance by area that will be presented in the final work. Thus, the research is relevant to bring to light the current scenario of a protected area in the face of the expansion of human activities, and can serve as a subsidy for future scientific research that discusses the protection of the Amazon biome, assisting in the elaboration of interventionist policies for the state of Maranhão.

This work focuses on the study area of the Maranhense Amazon, which has been undergoing an environmental degradation process caused by wood extraction, clearcutting, opening of agricultural areas, establishment of pastures, and reforestation, such as monoculture of eucalyptus. The general objective of this study is to understand the conflicts of land use and land cover in the Maranhense Amazon during the years 1985 to 2020, identifying the spatial information on land use and land cover available in MapBiomas (Collection 7) during the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Additionally, the study aims to analyze the main legal protections related to environmental protection areas and land use allocation currently in force in the Maranhense Amazon and to conduct a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of protection units in two planning regions contained in the Maranhense Amazon. The methodology adopted involved qualitative and quantitative approaches, which were fundamental in data collection through the use of geotechnologies, remote sensing, analysis of covariance (ANCOVAS), and bibliographic references. The results indicated that the main dynamics of land use and land cover change in the region involve the transition from Forest Formation to Pasture. Forest Formation is the native vegetation cover in the region and has been declining during the years studied, reaching its lowest percentage in 2015, the first year when it became inferior to Pasture. In contrast, the Pasture class has been growing in all years studied. Moreover, the analysis of legal instruments for environmental protection revealed that, although there are laws and regulations aimed at conserving biodiversity and natural resources in the Maranhense Amazon, the effectiveness of these measures is often challenged by the lack of adequate oversight, absence of integrated planning, and conflicts of interest among different sectors. This is the case of the planning regions of Baixo Munim and Pindaré, two areas contained in the Maranhense Amazon that present different degrees of protection. The results showed that while the Baixo Munim region did not present significant percentage variations in land use classes over the years due to its high degree of protection (91.3%), the Pindaré region, which has a low degree of protection, showed a decrease in forest formation due to an increase in pastures.

Platformization stems from the intense digitalization of space and is one of the features of today's world. In view of this, these phenomena have been assimilated in this research through a movement of method: from the world-system to the geographical situations of the city. In order to discuss the uses of territory and the political economy of the city (Santos, 2012 [1994]), this work analyzed the operation of platform companies in the food delivery segment in an empirical section in the city of São Luís. The research was particularly interested in the work carried out by couriers registered on the iFood platform and in local establishments that use these services in the city. It also sought to discuss iFood 's hegemonic status in São Luís, and how the territory welcomes and reacts to this company's designs. The general objective was to analyse the dynamics of the city's political economy based on the digitalization of the territory and the platformization of food delivery services in São Luís - MA. As for the specific objectives, we sought to answer four of them, listed as follows: i) contextualize the territorial diffusion of the digitalization and platformization of food delivery services, using an approach that includes the world-system and the political economy of the city; ii) to emphasize the operation of iFood in the national territory and in geographical situations in São Luís, through its territorial links in the context of the platformization of delivery services; iii) to identify in the political economy of the city the territorial dynamics of work and the forms of organization and cooperation of delivery workers by platform and; iv) to characterize the performance of Digital Menu Platform companies and the use of Own Order Platforms in establishments in the city of São Luís. In its methodological procedures, the work resorted to a bibliographic survey and data and information on the proposed theme; the use of mixed methodologies, such as field observation, interviews and questionnaires; the organization of the results was done through maps, figures, tables, charts, graphs and the use of photographs. As a result, we learned aspects related to the work of delivery workers in their forms of organization and dynamization in the city. We also discussed the role of the Digital Menu Platform companies, Anota AI and MenuDino, and the Own Order Platform companies, CCM Pedido Online and Neemo Delivery App, in the midst of adherence and resistance to iFood's interests in selected areas of São Luís.

This research aims to interpret the religious landscape of the celebration of Our Lady Mother of Men, in the quilombola territory of Juçatuba, São José de Ribamar, Maranhão. In this attempt, the approach that follows is based on the theoretical-methodological paths of Cultural Geography, with emphasis on the Geography of Religion. The landscape of the celebration, in such a way, emerges problematized from various layers of meanings, and taking into account the experiences and field experiences achieved in the twelve days of celebration each year accompanied (2021 and 2022). In these circumstances, seeking phenomenological approximations (DARDEL, 2011), we adopted ethnogeographical practices as a methodology (CLAVAL, 1999), when we delve into the life of the community at parties as a salutary procedure to capture the feeling of communitas (TURNER, 1974) between those people, now that we understand from the first observations we made in that reality. The feeling in question seems to us to be the great driving force behind the landscape of the feast of Our Lady Mother of Men, in Juçatuba, a remaining quilombola community that, from generation to generation, a phenomenon related to ancestry, learns, apprehends and reproduces religious culture on screen.

The Amazon has in the spatial circuit of timber production an economic activity of weight in the regressive distribution of income and regional wealth, associated with a growing marginality and exclusion in municipalities that have the timber sector in their economic portfolio. Among these municipalities, we highlight Nova Esperança do Piriá, a municipality in the Northeast of Pará that has in the illegal logging circuit a prominent activity in the local economy, where its operation does not even remotely contribute to dynamize other internal productive segments and improve the quality of life of its population, but which acts incisively in the peripheral regional development in vogue. It was within the scope of the “National Integration Program” (PIN) from the 1960s onwards, via the developmental discourse of the “Amazon Economic Development Project” that the operations of the logging circuit expanded in the scale of action in the Amazon region, starting to operate in integration with other regions and markets, both national and international, cohesive to a logic of Territorial Division of Labor. From these aspects, the operation of several spatial production circuits in the Legal Amazon, among them the logging circuit, starts to operate based on a considerable productive specialization of its workforce. In this way, we seek to understand how the peripheral development in the municipality of Nova Esperança do Piriá-PA takes place, from the spatial circuit of the production of raw sawn wood, in which its operation is based on the primary transformation (deployment of vast stocks of native round wood from the region in rough sawn wood: plank, plank, rafter, plank, beam and batten). This function is contemplated from the existence of a productive structure composed mainly of several sawmills scattered around the edges of the Amazon - this activity being one of the restricted work alternatives in which a considerable mass of subjects in a situation of social vulnerability engage in a precarious way, with: low wages, in a situation of unregulated/precarious work, without the availability of Personal Protective Equipment, in short, inclear aspects of overexploitation of work (long hours, intense work and remuneration below its value) - a situation in which that the intensity of work implies the decrepitude of the physical and mental health of the subjects who work. Thus synthesizing a space in which aspects of dependencies, inequalities, segregation, informality and socio-environmental decrepitude prevail.

Environmental education is a challenge to be faced by all of society, as it promotes awareness, so that we can take better care of the environment where we live, from which we draw various resources and which provides our survival. Therefore, in schools it is necessary to try to reach this understanding, combining theory and practice in the formation of society for a critical conscience for an education that generates action-reflection-action. In this way, a survey was carried out at the Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão- Up Pindaré with the students of the 1st year Environment course. Having as a generating question: what are the students' perceptions in relation to the impacts generated on the Pindaré River and its surroundings from the perspective of environmental education? The general objective of the research was to understand the perspective of the students through the activities developed during the participant research process, starting from the place Rio Pindaré. The study was methodologically based on a qualitative research approach and with a design based on participant research, showing the view of the research subjects, their perceptions and solutions regarding socio-environmental and cultural issues involving the place and the Pindaré river. The research uses as techniques the use of semi-structured questionnaires, perceptible walking and brainstorming, observing the view of the students on the environmental impacts and their perceptions, their definitions of what would be these impacts and consequences mainly related to the Pindaré river, source of resources for great part of the city's population. As a result, together with the students, several points impacted with solid waste on the banks of the Pindaré River, still present in the squares, pier and fair, were identified, also registering abandoned animals near the river surroundings, highlighting the presence of untreated sewage falling straight into the watercourse. The problems mentioned and observed by the students and the researcher, problems that stem mainly from the anthropic action that different places suffer, which comes to show us that it is necessary to do an environmental education work that works to raise people's awareness, aiming to make them understand that they make part of this environment. From the observations and experiences carried out, the students prepared a podcast, with the perceptions and information collected, inspired by the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) called: “EcoCast”, so that it can be used in other environmental awareness activities on the environmental impacts studied by this work, and seek to involve other people to help take care of the Pindaré River.

The present research aims to interpret the place through the daily experiences, experiences and perceptions of the residents of the city of Aldeias Altas, in Maranhão. In this sense, the paths covered are based on theoretical-methodological discussions of Humanist Geography and on phenomenological and existentialist influences, emphasizing the place, the lived space and the perception of residents amid the different rhythms of everyday life. The city, interpreted as a place, is supported by discussions by Tuan (1983), Relph (2012) and Buttimer (2015), especially valuing the perspective of experience as a basis for building meanings, identities and belonging to places of life. The place in Aldeias Altas is problematized and interpreted from a constitution of the place in tension with the “fabrication”, initiated post-emancipation and the construction process of the city, exalting the subjective and intersubjective experiential relations of the residents with the environment, existence , memories and identities that emerge, as well as the geography and meanings given by the inhabitants, considering the amalgam approach of the body with culture, values, symbols, history and meanings in the maintenance of characteristics and metamorphoses in the lived experience. For that, fieldwork, observations and interviews were carried out, in addition to a documentary survey, based on phenomenological premises and Dardel's (2011) geographicity, allowing interpretations on the different scales of ordinary experience. Thus, based on existence, we performed an interpretation of the place of the residents of Aldeias Altas, exalting processes of tension, historicity and meanings of living in the city throughout its years as emancipated; as well as a conversation between generations and an opportunity to think, reflect and see the portraits of this place/city.

The development of this research aims to analyze the forms of organization of the productive space of the farmers in front of the real estate speculation of the Mercês neighborhood, Paço do Lumiar - MA. The choice of location was due to the fact that it has an important history of family agricultural production, with outstanding supply to the ludovicense consumer market, and, over the last few years, it has been suffering from a territorial reduction, which directly impacts on social, cultural rites. and economic benefits of the neighborhood's residents. The understanding of this urban advance on the rural residues of the Island of Maranhão, goes through the analysis of the urban explosion that occurred in São Luís - MA from the 1960s, which led to its urban limits merged with the limits of the neighboring municipalities of São Luís. Paço do Lumiar and São José de Ribamar. The proximity between the mentioned municipalities made the real estate industry use the Luminense and Ribamarense territories for the implementation of several residential condominiums, largely to serve the population of the state capital, where three of them were located on Mercês, which generated several damages to the environment, emphasizing the silting and pollution of the Mercês River, the main water supplier for the population and agricultural production of that place. For the displacement of this dissertation study, we opted for the use of Dialectical Historical Materialism, we understand that it will subsidize us in the complex contradictory analysis between rural and urban that involves the Mercês territory.

The increasing use of land, without taking into account its potentialities and limitations, occurs in changes in soil attributes, especially when there is no proper management of these. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the Chemical and physical atributes of soils under diferente land uses in the Microregion of Caxias – MA. The region known historically for its economic and environmental importance has been experiencing strong problems associated with land use, interconnected with inadequate land management. In the meantime, this research was developed from the concept of landscape, consisting in the discussion of geography as a science that comprises the process of construction between time and space through the interrelationship between nature and assisted society in the landscape. In conducting the research, we analyzed the characterization of the regional and local landscapes of the study area, Pedological characterization of Maranhão, as well as the climatic characterization of the region. As main results, two soil profiles were classified and characterized in each municipality of the Microregion, totaling 12 profiles and 58 deformed samples. The soils were classified up to the fourth categorical level (subgroups) of the Brazilian Soil Classification System, according to Santos et al. (2018). The description and collection of samples were performed following the procedures recommended by IBGE (2015), chemical and physical analyses according to Embrapa (1997), and from Camargo et al. (2009), the basic descriptive statistical analysis. The characterization of land use relationships in the Microregion of Caxias under capoeira system, pasture, área of primary vegetation and legal reserve was also carried out and the temporal analysis of changes in land use of the municipalities belonging to the Microregion between the years of 1985, 2010 and 2020, according to data from MapBiomas (2020). As a result, it was observed that in the Chemical analyzes of the soils, a pH (4.6 to 5.3), strongly acidic in the profile in the Legal Reserve area, in the capoeira area are moderately acidic (5.6 to 6.5), (5, 9 and 6.1), (5.73 and 6.0) and only Profile 08 showed a strongly acidic reaction, with pH between (4.31 and 4.61). The two profiles in the pasture area showed pH in the range of (5.09 and 6.01) and (5.5 and 5.8) and the profiles in the primary vegetation area pH between (5.9 and 6.0), (5.0 and 5.4), (5.6 and 6.1), (5.3 and 6), respectively, which allows classifying them as moderately acidic. These are soils with limitations in terms of their physical and Chemical attributes, with low natural fertility (except profile 11). They are soils withlow base saturation, presence of erosion and tenders regarding drainage. Regarding the potential of the analyzed soils, the high amount of organic matterand there lief form (flat and gently undulating) stand out, which facilitates the use of the land in several cultures, especially mechanized agriculture, due to the agricultural machinery be facilitated in these types of relief. The statistical analysis showed that the K+, Ca+ and Mg+ contentes varied between the diferente soil uses, as well as thePotassium (K) contentes of the profiles in capoeira system, primary vegetation and pasture, which presented greater homogeneity, while the contentes of Ca+Mg and Ca2 showed less homogeneity. Mean K valueswerelower in thepasture system, dueto inadequate soil management or overgrazing. Despitethis, the potassium content in the soil can be increased with the development of a potassium management strategy with the fertilization of essential nutrients. The statistical analysis proved that the average of the chemical attributes (pH, Al, P, Ca, Mg, H, Al, SB and MO) are below the desirable for a productive soil. In the evaluation of land use changes in the Caxias microregion between 1985, 2010 and 2020, it was found that there was a significant increase in livestock and a reduction in natural vegetation.

Environmental changes are a new geological-geomorphological setting, caused by technical developments carried out by humans primarily by the development of cities, transforming the landscapes. In Brazil the studies on the presence of technogenic urban deposits dating back since the 1990. Since then, were created a range of denominations of classifications, based on references. Where the urbanized environments and the genesis of the technogenic deposits, have a relationship with the soil use and occupation without planning, promoting the transformation of surface materials, resulting in technogenic deposits. Because the geological action man produces effects in urban areas. In General, have observed the formation of tecnogênicos deposits in tidal flats and in close to watercourses, where it has the highest rates and fluctuations altimétricos on slope. This work aims a historical analysis, identification and characterization  tecnogênicos deposits from the geo-environmental characteristics of the study area. The methodology used in bibliographic review basiou, analysis in Office of satellite images from Google Earth, to prior identification of deposits, field activity for reconnaissance of the area of research and validation and characterization of technogenic deposits for the mapping in the study area. It was noted also that the occurrence of technogenic deposits fall within the category of ingratiation and degradation.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the city of São Luís began, rather late, a process of industrialization, marked by the birth of the Industrial District in 1980. This was followed by a rapid increase in population density due to intense migration to the capital, resulting in a noticeable change in the demographics inside the Tibiri River basin and its neighboring areas. As a direct consequence of this, we have seen in the last few decades a significant deterioration of groundwater resources due to the occupation of recharging areas of aquifers, as well as the increased pressure on these resources by the city of São Luís. This indicates the city’s need for careful planning and strategizing, in order to protect its aquifers. The aquifers of insular environments become even more prone to saline intrusion, which can occur horizontally, through water that trickles in from the sea, or also vertically, due to the influence of mangroves and estuaries. The presence of mangrove vegetation indicates that saline waters and an estuarine environment are present in all coastal basins of the city of São Luís, such as Tibiri, Anil, Paciência, Bacanga, Rio dos Cachorros, Santo Antônio, Igaraú and more. In the Tibiri River basin, groundwater is used for different purposes in rural communities, for public and private supply in residential areas, and to meet the demand of businesses located in the Industrial District. Given the importance of this watershed, and of the saline wedge problem, the GALDIT method proposed by Chachadi and Lobo Ferreira (2001) is one of the tools that can be used to investigate the vulnerability of the aquifers to saline intrusion, splitting up the area of focus into high vulnerability ( ≥7.5), medium (5 -7.5) or low (≤5) classes. As such, this research study will thus apply the Aquifer Vulnerability Chart to Saline Intrusion to the areas of the Tibiri River Basin. This analysis identified the vulnerability classes inside the aforementioned regions, which could then be applied as a decision-making instrument regarding groundwater management in the city of São Luís. The results achieved show a high vulnerability only to the rural area of Mato Grosso, on the left bank of the river, which is heightened due to its location near the mouth of the Tibiri River, where the flow of the tide begins. The rural region of Quebra Pote, Santa Helena, and Itapera do Quebra Pote, located on the right bank of the river, on the lower part of the watershed, was classified as a region of moderate vulnerability. Likewise, the Tibirizinho and Tajaçuaba regions, in the upper part of the basin, also indicated moderate vulnerability. On the left bank of the river, the Andiroba extension to the São Raimundo neighborhood showed low vulnerability to saline intrusion. On the right bank, the communities of Cinturão Verde and Tinaí also showed low vulnerability, despite their proximity to the mangrove area. In addition to the natural processes of estuarine environments, the characteristics of land use in the basin involving residential, industrial, and rural uses, also strain the groundwater resources. The high and moderate vulnerability classes identified in the basin attests the occurrence of the saline wedge phenomenon inside the Tibiri River basin, which, despite being mostly rural, has an insular condition. This research study demonstrates the importance of using knowledge of hydrodynamics data of pipe wells and qualitative groundwater data analysis for the purposes of monitoring the saline wedge behavior and subsidizing measures that will mitigate the salinization of groundwater in the basin.

carried out: a) interview b) participant observation c) collection and recording of data through a field diary d) analysis and interpretation of the data obtained. According to the data found in the research, it appears that the studied community, Tendal Mirim, has been suffering from the process of expropriation and is seeking justice for the land tenure regularization of its territory. Faced with the threat of eviction arising after long years of occupying those lands, the community proves that it fulfills the social function of property, a constitutional duty, exercised through housing and daily work on the farm. In this context, in the course of the study, it is observed that the urban development caused by the implementation of new condominiums in the municipality of Paço do Lumiar, aroused the interest of the real estate market for the large extensions of land found there, among them that occupied by the community of Tendal Mirim. An event that brought insecurity and vulnerability in the face of the socio-territorial conflict unleashed, forcing residents to seek the State Public Defender's Office, in an attempt to have their right of possession and titling ensured.

The constant expansion of urban spaces added to the increasing demand for productive supplies that aim to provide anthropic activities in the territory, whether economic or for the maintenance of populations, has stimulated scenarios and production models associated with inadequate exploitation of natural resources, that is, without the concern to integrate sustainability and conservation of environmental heritage. The manifestation of this configuration, especially in the first two decades of the 21st century, is one of the main variables that cause ruptures in the balance of natural systems and, consequently, contribute to the processes of their degradation. During this period, the Microregion of Planning of Baixo Munim, in which seven municipalities are inserted, namely: Axixá, Bacabeira, Cachoeira Grande, Morros, Icatu, Presidente Juscelino, and Rosário, witnessed a significant geographical restructuring given the diversification of its economic activities, based on the exploitation of available natural resources; mineral extraction aimed at the manufacture of materials used in civil construction; financial and land valuation of the territory; industrial establishments with a focus on mineral exploration; the productive potential of agricultural supply; expansion of tourism and summer; urbanization and the recent integration of its constituent municipalities in the planning area of the Metropolitan Region of Greater São Luís (RMGSL), for example. It is necessary to emphasize that the municipalities that make up the respective Microregion are inserted in a very vulnerable part of the Legal Amazon, that is, in the edge/transition between the Amazon biome and the Cerrado in Maranhão. In this sense, when considering all the elements that subsidize the construction of geographic space, one must often praise the peculiarities of each municipal territory as observed in the State of Maranhão, as well as highlight the essentiality of the participation of the Public Power, in any of its spheres of action, as legitimate producers of spatial configuration. In a statement, one of the numerous functions of the State is to maintain social relations and intervene in the production processes of the territories, especially in their attribution to create and reaffirm centralities and hierarchies, regardless of federal entities and legal spheres. From this perspective, the objective of this work is to identify the main processes of conflicts of Uses and Occupation of the lands present in the Microregion of Planning of Baixo Munim. This research also aims to analyze the modalities of Land Uses from the comparison between the (Formal) Use provided for in the legislation and the Real Use in the municipalities that make up the Microregion, as well as to propose criteria for territorial planning based on interviews with public managers based on the survey of information for areas with a high degree of socio[1]environmental vulnerability. Therefore, it is noteworthy that the Formal Use is conceived, therefore, by the production of geographic space thanks to technical rationality and a regulatory system that is realized in the territory as a current legal norm. The Real Use is perceived as a set of social practices arranged in the very space that leads to reality, practices that originate all the things that exist due to experiences, human experiences and nature itself that directly reflect on the patterns of Land Use and Occupation in each locality, of which interpretation, delimitation and classification are the main interests of the present study. Thus, the realization of spatial analyses will allow the understanding of conflicts of land uses in the Microregion of Planning of Baixo Munim.

By problematizing Cais da Sagração, a novel written by Josué Montello, from Maranhão, this dissertation deals with a text of places and existences situated between the sea and the situated lands, and which focuses on the life and as spatial partners of the boatman Severino. In fact, it is possible to interpret the aforementioned novel in a way that, together with the view between Montellian work and geography, sometimes focuses on the experiences of the subjects-characters of the book, sometimes based on the reality of Camboa dos Frades, Porto area. from Itaqui, about 15 km from São Luís, undertaken as fieldwork. From the novel, the movement between the localized places of Mestre Severino and São Luís gives the rhythm of the literary narrative. Based, above all, on contributions from Cultural Geography and Humanist Geography, it is inscribed under whose main questions are: bibliographic review and reflection of conceptualized notions fundamental to the study chapter; selection of themes, and plot references to the novel for a purpose of spatial creation; exercise of interviews and follow-up of lectures about Montello's life and about the Cais da Sagração work and development of field work. In short, it is concluded that Cais da Sagração denotes teachings that translate literature as a text that does not close in on itself, since life can also imitate art. Geography is also responsible for understanding or referring to stimuli.

The intense anthropogenic pressure exerted on natural resources has increased in recent years. These changes in a hydrographic basin directly affect nutrient cycling, water availability, soil structure and climate, as vegetation cover plays a role in stability in the basin, helping to maintain these resources. For this reason, the integrated approach to landscape planning and management of natural resources requires the identification and assessment of the geobiophysical and anthropic attributes of a territory, as they have their own characteristics and dynamisms that consequently suffer human influence in time and space. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate how the geobiophysical and anthropic environments alter the landscape of the Turiaçu River Basin. For that, the following procedures were carried out: the environmental characterization, where geology, geomorphology, soils, geodiversity, vegetation and climate data were used; the analysis of the evolution of land use and land cover using MapBiomas data from the years 1985 and 2019 of collection 5; the landscape structure of the Turiaçu River Basin that was quantified through landscape metrics indices. This procedure was carried out for the years 1985 and 2019. To help with each of the procedures mentioned, two field activities were carried out (February and November). Thus, the results consisted of nine geological formations; eight geomorphological units; five types of soils; seven geoenvironmental classes; eight classes of vegetation. In relation to climate, the basin presented two climatic types and the analysis of climatic variables, mean temperature and precipitation, showed that the region did not present significant variations between the years 1985 to 2019. landscape evidenced significant changes between 1985 and 2019, showing that the forest areas lost more than 20% of their area, in addition to the increase in fragmentation and the reduction of forest edges due to the advance of anthropic activities. research, it is clear that although the Turiaçu River Basin is still largely protected by Conservation Units and Indigenous Land, the basin suffers serious anthropogenic pressure, mainly caused by the transformation of forests into pasture areas, which it can cause serious impacts, such as changes in nutrient cycling, water availability, soil structure and climate.

The Geography of Health is a field of study that is gaining more and more space among geographers. Faced with the emergence of epidemic outbreaks, and more recently pandemics (COVID-19 in 2019 still in force), the relevance of health studies from a geographical perspective is verified. The main objective of this research was to reflect on public health policies in the health district of Vila Esperança. rural area of the municipality of São Luís. The objective from this mapping was to carry out an analysis on access to health in the region. In addition, the seasonality of Covid-19 cases in the district was carried out in view of the health crisis at a pandemic level, a disease caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The method used was that of historical materialism. The tools used for spatialization were ArcMap 10.5 and Google Earth software. At the end of the study, we concluded that the district has 13 basic health units with outpatient care, and 1 UPA for urgent and emergency care; and it was also possible to identify the neighborhoods of Maracanã and Vila Sarney as the places that most accumulated cases.

The general objective of this research was to analyze the degradation of the landscape of the Riacho da Boa Hora Hydrographic Basin, in the municipality of Urbano Santos-MA, through the Anthropic Transformation Index-ITA. It is known that the spread of human activities over natural environments, demands more and more studies about the implications arising from such a process, as well as thinking about alternatives that suit the new and old demands of the environment in question. Given this context, the present study sought to address the conceptual bases pertinent to the research, identify the different types of land uses, and analyze the degree of transformation of the referred basin. For this research, we analyzed the last 36 years of transformation in the affected hydrographic basin, (554 km² 32.4% of the total area of the municipality) which, due to the expansion of agribusiness, brought new social and economic dynamics that started to dictate the way the municipality's natural environments are explored. In this study proposal, the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was essential for the production of the ITA map, which took into account the area occupied by each type of land use, the weights by the degree of anthropization defined from the Delphi method built with the help of researchers from the region, providing an overview of the transformation of the local landscape. The results of the ITA for the Boa Hora stream basin, showed an important evolution in the comparison between the years 1984 and 2020, however, in a general picture, the basin appears as Little Pegrada according to the levels of degradation suggested by the methodology, the which raised doubts about the applicability of the index for any scenario and also for the weights attributed to certain classes of use, especially when taking into account the transformations perceived in the maps of use and in comparison with other works. Despite the unexpected result, the discussion on the degradation of the landscape was feasible, making it possible to propose recommendations for uses within the basin, which can be expanded to the municipal reality, in view of the representativeness of the hydrographic basin area within the territory municipal level, and the homogeneity of environmental and social characteristics perceived there.

The city of Santo Amaro do Maranhão is located in the Northern Mesoregion of the State, in the Microregion of Lençóis Maranhenses, which has been receiving public and private investments focused on the tourism sector, but until less than a decade Santo Amaro was practically isolated, in a region without flows and networks, where the way of life of the population was focused on a closer relationship with nature. From 2018 the paving of the MA-320 highway that gives access to the city, allowed the fluidity towards the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, one of the most sought after destinations by tourists in Maranhão, this has generated new territorialities. It is hypothest that Santo Amaro will break the close relationship with nature becoming a tourist city which will generate change in the way of life and also new problems will come into existence. To prove these factors, the work was performed through the historical and dialectical materialist method that gives the possibility of investigating the social context of the object of study through observation, for this we used techniques of field activity and bibliographic research. As a result it can be affirmed that in fact the city has changed its way of life turning to tourism, has grown the number of inhabitants in the city and also the number of investments such as inns, tourism agencies, real estate speculation is on the rise, this can be perceived by the emergence of condominiums and business opening, and there is also growth of environmental problems such as open dumps and lack of basic sanitation.

The research analyzes the socio-spatial segregation in Paço do Lumiar promoted by the implantation of subdivisions and closed condominiums, with the case study about the residential subdivision Portal do Paço. The theoretical-methodological perspective of historical dialectical materialism allows us to observe the history, conflicts and contradictions inherent to society and the category of territory were instruments to reflect on the action of agents who use space and the roles they play in the territorial dynamics of the municipality, highlighting the social implications and contradictions related to closed condominiums and subdivisions in a municipality that still retains peri-urban characteristics. Thus, it discusses the production of space, the capitalist city and its complexities linked to power relations. In this way, rural and urban areas submit themselves to the logic of space as a financial asset, transformed into merchandise. As a consequence, space brings its conflicting and contradictory relationships. Hence the negative of the city, segregation. Distance through walls is a new form of contemporary urban segregation. In the municipality, there is a clash between use value and exchange value, which even have violent outlines. Which removes communities due to real estate speculation in this region. In view of the above, Paço do Lumiar has the spatial effects arising from an urbanization that privileges exchange value as opposed to the social use of the city, this is observed: in urban expansion, in the construction of closed condominiums and parallel to this form- if the polarization of poverty and the struggle for housing in the city. This results in the formation of social fragmentation, through the construction of exclusive territories for the wealthier classes. When examining the reality of Residencial Portal do Paço, it can be seen that the residents, despite living in a planned residential neighborhood, lack basic services and urban equipment in their daily lives. It is possible to affirm that it was created to increase economic investments aiming at the profit of a business group at the expense of the quality of life of the population, with little accessibility to public services, adding economic value to the subject; it highlights the territorial dimension of citizenship linked to place and socioeconomic position of the individual.

El objeto de la obra es la cuenca hidrográfica del río Preto, que se ubica en la región nororiental del estado de Maranhão, ocupa un área de 5.235,63 km2, siendo afluente de la cuenca del río Munim. Esta investigación se basa en la categoría paisaje y su objetivo general es analizar la vulnerabilidad ambiental al proceso erosivo de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Preto - MA como un subsidio al manejo de los recursos hídricos y para objetivos específicos: determinar la planificación y unidades de manejo de la cuenca; identificar la vulnerabilidad de los parámetros físicos de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Preto y evaluar el grado de vulnerabilidad por el uso y cobertura del suelo de la cuenca del río Preto. Para el logro de los objetivos se realizó una investigación bibliográfica sobre el tema de la vulnerabilidad, paisaje como categoría de análisis en Geografía, Método Jerárquico de Procesos Analíticos (AHP), Geoprocesamiento aplicado al estudio de la vulnerabilidad; se realizó el cálculo de los parámetros morfométricos; selección de bases cartográficas (INPE, CPRM, USGS, ZEE-MA, IBGE); aplicación de técnicas de geoprocesamiento y teledetección para el mapeo de unidades geológicas, clases de suelos, unidades geomorfológicas, pendiente, hipsometría, precipitación acumulada anual, uso y cobertura del suelo. Toda la producción cartográfica se realizó utilizando Sistemas de Información Geográfica, QGIS, SPRING y ArcGIS. El trabajo de campo se realizó con el objetivo de reconocer el área del objeto, registro fotográfico y verificar la producción cartográfica. Crepani y col. (2001), que se basa en Ecodinámica de Tricart (1977) y AHP para espacializar los grados de vulnerabilidad ambiental de la cuenca, mientras que para determinar las unidades de planificación y manejo se utilizó el método de Otto Pfafstetter, por el cual se subdividió. en tres Unidades de Planificación de Recursos Hídricos (UPRH). Los resultados indican que la UPRH del Riacho do Gavião tiene la mayor área de estabilidad en la cuenca ocupando el 67,40%, mientras que la clase moderadamente estable / vulnerable ocupa el 24,26% y en situación de vulnerabilidad cubre el 8,35%. La estabilidad resulta de un relieve tabular, pendientes bajas, cobertura vegetal nativa, presencia de Latosol Amarillo y Argisol Rojo-Amarillo de hormigón. Las áreas vulnerables, por su parte, están asociadas a la agricultura, pastoreo, área urbana, forestal, vegetación secundaria, los litotipos del Grupo Itapecuru, Antiguas Barreras Eólicas Continentales y Yacimientos. En la UPRH de Río Mocambo, predominó la estabilidad con alrededor del 48,34%, el medio intergrado comprende el 29,34% y las áreas inestables el 22,33%. En esta unidad, la vulnerabilidad está asociada tanto a la interacción de los componentes naturales del paisaje al norte de la cuenca como a la actividad humana relacionada con el uso urbano, la vegetación secundaria y el cultivo de eucaliptos. Los medios estables en la UPRH de Rio Riachão ocupan el 43,45%, los intergrados alrededor del 28,65% y los inestables el 27,9%. En esta unidad, agricultura, silvicultura, pastoreo, área urbana, formaciones pioneras, vegetación con influencia marina (Restinga) fueron determinantes para la vulnerabilidad ambiental, también se observa vulnerabilidad natural en el norte de la cuenca. También se identifican conflictos sociales y que problemas ambientales como la deforestación, ocupación de APP, compactación de suelos por maquinaria pesada, desertificación de suelos, uso de plaguicidas e incendios, ambos relacionados con monocultivos, han impactado la cuenca, además de agravar la vulnerabilidad. En este contexto, a través del mapeo de las áreas de vulnerabilidad, las medidas de prevención y mitigación se vuelven más fáciles de contemplar debido a la espacialización de estos riesgos, en consecuencia, existen subsidios esenciales para que el poder público actúe para realizar la gestión ambiental y, para en consecuencia conservar la cuenca del río Preto - MA.

La motivation de ce travail de dissertation est venue de l’expérience que j’ai vécue dans le lieu Pindaí, comme une occasion de conserver la mémoire du lieu, d’y réfléchir et de suivre son évolution. Un processus systématique de matérialisation des informations pour les transformer en connaissances a permis d'enregistrer les souvenirs et les expériences vécues comme autant de fils conducteurs vers la perception de mon lieu de vie: Pindaí. Celui-ci est partagé entre deux municipalités, Paço do Lumiar et São José de Ribamar, toutes deux situées dans la meso-région nord du Maranhão et dans la micro-région de l'agglomération urbaine de São Luís, sur l'île du Maranhão; il s‘agit donc d’un village limitrophe établi au bord de la MA - 201. C'est face aux changements survenus dans le village de Pindaí au cours des 20 dernières années, qu'est apparue la préoccupation qui a motivé cette étude: à partir de l’expérience des sujets vivant sur le lieu, comment parvenir à la perception environnementale qui se manifeste dans la géographie vécue? Comment les transformations socio-spatiales sont-elles perçues par les sujets? Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général suivant se dessine: interpréter la perception environnementale qu’ont les sujets du lieu du processus de transformation socio-environnementale. Et les objectifs spécifiques: relever les tracés géographiques, historiques, culturels et socio-environnementaux; caractériser la configuration du village de Pindaí sur la base de données géo-référencées et de données descriptives des sujets du lieu; et enfin, de réaliser un portfolio numérique avec des images du quotidien prises durant un processus de construction participative sur le lieu. Une approche phénoménologique a été utilisée pour décrire le lieu, pour ressentir et interpréter la perception des sujets du lieu, et ainsi atteindre les objectifs mentionés ci-dessus, en se basant sur une recherche qualitative, une réflexion bibliographique et une recherche de terrain. Pour la confection des cartes, le logiciel Arcgis du laboratoire Geomap-Uema a été utilisé. Comme résultats obtenus à partir de ces dialogues et de ces réflexions, nous avons l'apport conceptuel théorique du lieu, les tracés géographiques, historiques, culturels et socio-environnementaux du Village de Pindai, avec la délimitation et la localisation de la zone d'étude, l'ascendance indigène Gamela (qui en étaient les premiers habitants), l'observation du schéma de construction des maisons, dont la plupart étaient faites de boue et de paille, les revenus qui proviennent essentiellement de l'agriculture, de l'extraction de noix de coco babacu et de la pêche, et l'identification du patrimoine archéologique comme le Camboa de Pedra et les Sambaquis qui sont liés à cet héritage des peuples originels. Une carte de la religiosité a été dressée, un aspect culturel très diversifié dont les principaux sont les cultes de la matrice africaine avec la présence du Terreiro de Mina et de l'Umbanda, les Eglises Evangéliques, principalement néopentecôtistes, et l'Église Catholique. Il a été constaté que le processus d'urbanisation a intensifié les changements visualisés sur la carte comparative de l'utilisation des sols avec l'augmentation de la surface bâtie ; d'autres changements dans le lieu sont perçus comme une modification des normes de logement et certaines implications environnementales (augmentation des déchets solides, élimination de la végétation et usure du fleuve Santo Antonio). On observe que la perception environnementale des sujets du lieu sur le processus de transformation socio-environnementale dans le village est très vivante, et qu’ils sont conscients des nouvelles formes de refermement sur soi, de la relation de voisinage et de la présence de violence et de drogues. Ainsi, les récits et les dessins des sujets du lieu ont permis l'interprétation de la perception environnementale et l'organisation du portfolio numérique, ce qui a permis d'améliorer la manière de penser le lieu et d'accroître la réflexion sur le lieu, et ainsi de consolider ce travail.

The analysis of the environmental fragility of the relief to urban occupation is a fundamental theme for environmental planning, as it investigates fragile areas, with the intention of diagnosing them, considering the forms of occupation. As a result of the human being's performance in a significant and predatory way in the mischaracterization of the landscape, the result is interference in the morphodynamics, since the relief is occupied without previous studies with the fragility of the environment. In order to understand this dynamics, the hydrographic sub-basin of the Angelim stream was selected, which has 4.34 km² in its sandy dimension, located to the northwest of the Island of Maranhão, in the middle course of the hydrographic basin of the river Anil . In this sense, the objective was to analyze the environmental fragility of the relief to the urban occupation of the hydrographic sub-basin of the Angelim stream, São Luís - MA, by identifying the geoenvironmental parameters that influence the fragility of the relief, the patterns of occupation of the relief and understanding the interrelationships of the natural and social aspects of the study area. To achieve the proposed objective, bibliographic and cartographic surveys, organization of the work environment, field work and thematic mapping were carried out, through spatialization of geology data, soils, hypsometry, slope, terrain shapes, comparison of drainage, classification channels, relief units, land use and coverage, comparison of waterproofing, urban expansion over relief and legal transgressions. The socioeconomic characterization of the resident population and the identification of the environmental fragility of the relief to urban occupation was also carried out. Considering the methodological proposals selected for this work, with necessary adaptations and using the data of slope, morphology, land forms and land use and coverage, the map of environmental fragility of the relief to urban occupation was generated. The area under analysis showed 45.6% with medium emerging fragility and 54.4% with high emerging fragility to occupation. The class of high fragility stands out, as it refers to areas that have specific natural dynamics, added to land use and coverage, which can generate several environmental problems. Due to the scale of work, four sectors were selected distributed along the hydrographic sub-basin of the Angelim stream to carry out a more detailed analysis of the environmental fragility of the relief to urban occupation, which are located in the following locations: street Belo Horizonte - Angelim, Peace street - Bequimão, a stretch of road Jerônimo de Albuquerque - Angelim and street Tarquíneo Lopes - New Angelim.

This work integrates data from the research developed in the municipality of Tasso Fragoso - Maranhão, aiming at the interpretation of the Speleological Heritage. The municipality compose elements of great importance for Geodiversity, fostering in its value and uniqueness, subsidizing the protection of its natural, historical and cultural heritage. This condition comes from the geographic events that result in the physiographic characteristics (geological, geomorphological, paleontological and speleological), which shelter the Cerrado fauna and flora, in addition to adding historical and cultural elements (records of rocks, splinters and religious manifestos), which it delegates the valuing of historical heritage of civilizations of an endemic character.  Based on the above, this research aims to identify all the contribution of this heritage that is revealed in Tasso Fragoso-MA, through the speleological survey, contextualizing its elements for its environmental interpretation, in the management of these potentials through the cataloging of information for the geotouristic practice. The procedures consist in the analysis of data collected in the field, composed of photographic records, collection of points from the surveyed places, to be congregated in the geotouristic inventory of the region. Undirected interviews are also conducted, whose objective is to express the interviewee's feeling, in a spontaneous conversation that reveals the true essence of the place on the part of its residents. Added to this is the making of georeferenced data, in addition to confirming the informations collected in the field, makes up the interpretation of the landscape. The result points to the incidence of medium speleological potential, according to the CECAV data, also composing data from the registered caves, which confirms the propensity of these occurrences in the municipality. In addition to this indication, the Tasso Fragoso caves have indicators of importance and relevance in the context of Geodiversity, corroborating the appreciation and knowledge of the wealth of this heritage. The speleological collection was developed in sandstones of the Balsas Group, specifically in the Piauí Formation, in the form of walls carved in this sedimentary lithology. These geomorphological aspects hold imposing riches that testify to the geological evolution of the Earth, revealing historical facts confirmed on the walls by the rock inscriptions, in addition to manifesting religiosity as the Cave Nossa Senhora de Fátima, as well as housing a specific fauna. In Tasso Fragoso an environmental picture of the Speleological Potential is confirmed as a testimony of the Natural, Historical and Cultural Heritage, in addition to composing a potential geotouristic collection, with principles that go far beyond the representation of the geodiverse scenario, triggering in the conservation of this collection.

The landscape in the geographical context plays a fundamental role in the distribution of populations and in the use of space. Consequently, studies that seek to understand its units have become increasingly indispensable, especially for managing the sustainable use of the environment. The municipalities of Rosario, Axixá and Icatu together form the right shore of São José Bay where three important rivers flow, among which the Itapecuru River stands out for its size as well as its socioeconomic importance as it is the main source of water supply to the capital of Maranhão and other surrounding municipalities. In addition, these three coastal municipalities, included in the São Luís metropolitan region and which are also part of the Upaon Açu-Miritiba-Alto Preguiças APA, have extremely important physical geographical aspects for the coastal zone of the state, still lacking in of updated's studies and mapping. In view of this lack, this research aimed to make an analysis of landscape units through the use of geoprocessing, using the technique of map algebra. From the use of conventional methodologies, it was indispensable to develop an appropriate methodological proposal that met the expectation of the work when the clarity and objectivity of the results, since the map algebra precursors such as the Russians Isachenko and Reznikov (1996) and the Cubans Puebla et al. (2009) and Chávez & Puebla (2013) bring in their proposals much subjectivity. Through the methodology, then developed was made the Geological, Geomorphological, Vegetation and Slope characterization considering the relation of the environment with the proximity of the coastline. After that, the information plans corresponding to each geographic aspect were overlapped by applying map algebra using the ArcGis 10.2 program (license EFL 999703439), from which a total of 10 Landscape Units that were discussed according to their typological aspects and their use and coverage. In this sense, the developed methodology was very efficient regarding the clarity in the process of crossing the data in the algebra and its representations in the final map. The results indicated by the methodology could be validated through the CPRM geology shape considered more current than the IBGE that had been used in algebra and through the field truth.

Josué Montello wrote in his Diary that the city of São Luís spills into his novels, and in Os Tambores de São Luís is no different. In this work, São Luís is the great rhythmic space of the narrative. It is and represents a geography that is everywhere, permeating social and cultural, collective and personal relations, especially Damião (main character), who lives the constant challenge of (re) building his identity and his people - blacks and slaves who dream and struggle to inhabit the places of the city based on a strongly symbolic imaginary, and which send them to African lands. In this connection, the drums of the city, through the imaginative world of Josué Montello and his pen of writing, make the phenomenological space of a São Luís deeply analyzed in its human condition. In such a way, based on perspectives of Literary Geography, this Dissertation aims to render the discussion initiated by Montello, and interpreted by several other agents of knowledge, shedding light on the place and the inhabitance of a race in a (un) known city, contributing, under general examination, on the question of how Damião and São Luís affectionately (re) constructed each other.

The literature has pointed to education as a crucial element of crime prevention. In this sense, the goal of this study is to analyze the spatial relationship between violent crime and school performance in the city of São Luís - MA. In addition to a review of national and international literature on the main research topics, the methods were the creation of Thiessen polygons as units of analysis, with public schools in the municipality being the generating points. Using GIS, a spatial database was created with the variables: homicide occurrences, school performance based on IDEB, population density, presence of policing, and slums. Pearson's correlation, Moran's Global Index, linear, and spatial regression were employed in the study. The results indicate that the increase in school performance is associated with the prevention of lethal crime in the municipality of São Luís. The slum areas are associated with the increase in violent crime in the schools' area of influence. The results reinforce public policies that offer quality education to the population.

Analyzing the territories of life at the municipality of Raposa is the main intention of this research. Located around 30 km distance from São Luís, situated at the north portion of Maranhão State, the municipality has its foundation related to migrations that had as main motivations the fishing. Given such favorable environmental conditions, the newcomers fishermen were responsible in articulate the arrival of relatives and fellow countrymen to the Promised Land, in which the rendeiras stands out. In the production of life in that space, tourism is another meaningful activity, in which is favored in one side for the natural resources as beaches, sand dunes, islands and mangroves, and in another side, for the association of touristic activities with the fishing and with the local handcraft  - the bilro lace. In such way, the territories and the territorialities (HAESBAERT, 2014) that interest to the study are linked to fishing, the rendeiras activities and the tourism. It is understood, therefore, that geosymbolism (BONNEMAISON, 2012) of bilro lace, fishing nets and boats mention what is life in Raposa, culturally speaking. In effect, it was aimed to generate interpretations about the territories and territorialities that spatialize the life over there. About it, the theoretical-methodological directions that here are followed come closer with the studies in what is called new Cultural Geography, field of study that search in engender researches that valorize the social representations about the geographical space (CLAVAL, 1997). About it, in what concern to the exam of the empirical field, such world views translated the history, the daily life, the problems and the feeling of belonging to Raposa, revealing physical and symbolic networks that work as keeper life. In this way, it is inferred the space and dynamic of Raposa’s space, coming through the perspective of men and women work, translate a complex, simple life, but plural, symbolic and territorial treating.

Water is an indispensable source for human supply and through the ages the search for this resource has been intensified by the high demand for good quality water. The Bacanga river basin, located entirely within the limits of the municipality of São Luís, more precisely in the northwest portion of the Island of Maranhão, demarcated by the pairs of geographic coordinates: 2 ° 31'50.85 "S to 2 ° 34'34, 11 "S and 44 ° 18'14.22" W at 44 ° 28'92.00 "W, has a unique role in the public water supply of the municipality of São Luís. In this sense, the relationship between the drilling of tubular wells and the high exploitation of groundwater in the lower reaches of the Bacanga river basin, which may lead to the intrusion of the salt wedge into the Barreiras and Itapecuru Formation aquifers. For this, the proposed GALDIT method Chachadi and Lobo Ferreira (2001), used in several parts of the world, is used to analyze the hydrodynamic data of tubular wells, to evaluate the degree of vulnerability to salt intrusion, classifying it as high vulnerability ( ≥7.5), medium (5 -7.5) or low (≤5). The letters of the method reflect each parameter being analyzed, such as: G - Occurrence of the aquifer, A - Hydraulic conductivity; L - Piezometric level; D - Coast Line Distance; I - Current state of saline intrusion in the aquifer (Bicarbonates / Chlorides); and T - the thickness of the aquifer. For each letter will be added a weighting value ranging from 1 to 5. In this research the activities developed in the period from August 2016 to 2018 where the collection of database of the lower course of the Bacanga river basin were collected, tabulation and analysis of data, treatment and tabulation. The data were treated in the AquiferWin32 software to identify the parameters G - Occurrence of the aquifer and A - Hydraulic Conductivity; associated to data spatialization using spatial data interpolation techniques for the spatialization of the information collected. The results obtained through AquiferWin32 indicate that the aquifer of the area is classified as semi-confined, obeying the permanence curve proposed by Theis (1963), besides a Hydraulic Conductivity (K) ranging from 1.27x10-7 m / s 3.86 x 10-6 m / s which reflects a generally low to moderate productivity, according to the table proposed by Struckmeir and Margat (1995) and Diniz et al (2012). The parameter L - Piezometric Level in the study area showed a variation of the Static Level occurs from +44.2 m to -38.5 m indicating parameter values ranging from 2.5 to 7.5. The parameter D-Coast line distance in the study area the coastline variation occurs from 119 m (P-13) to 7,708.9 m indicating the value of parameter D the index of 2.5 to 7.5 and 10 according (CHACHADI E LOBO FERREIRA, 2001). For Parameter I, the field works for the identification of tubular wells, as well as for water analysis through the Aquaread AP800 multiparameter probe and samples of 6 (six) tubular wells sent to the laboratory, as well as data from wells registered by the State Secretariat of Environment - SEMA. It also presents 21 water samples with the salinity parameter of the bacanga dam, which indicate a water with salty characteristics and brackish water ranging from 22 ppt to 32,39 ppt. The results obtained through the GALDIT method demonstrate that the vulnerability to saline intrusion in the study area, for the most part, is found in the low to moderate vulnerabilities, however wells located in the northern region of the basin, more precisely, the P wells -13 and P-17, P-10 and P-28 presented a high vulnerability to saline intrusion, possibly due to its proximity to the coastline, as well as to the estuarine dynamics of the area, which leads to greater attention and monitoring in these areas. regions. The method presented satisfactory results for the research, demonstrating that it is reliable and easy to apply, as well as producing cartographic documents for better territorial planning for the conservation of groundwater resources in the Island of Maranhão.

 O presente trabalho analisará o território usado e as modernizações na metrópole de São Luís a partir da situação geográfica do Sítio Grande. Embora situada numa região com atividades típicas do meio rural, o Sítio Grande tem sofrido nos últimos anos fortes transformações socioespaciais em decorrências de novos objetos e ações oriundos da dinâmica urbana da metrópole São Luís. Procuraremos analisar em que medida as mudanças socioespaciais na situação geográfica em questão podem revelar processos típicos da metropolização da Ilha do Maranhão. Para tal, realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico e documental, visitas técnicas à região e entrevistas. Usando o território como alicerce metodológico para desvendar as novas formas conteúdo na situação geográfica do Sítio Grande, apresenta-se uma proposta de periodização para análise do uso do território até seu atual processo de expansão e consequente influência sobre a formação das novas formas conteúdo na região de Sítio Grande, bem como análises sobre os circuitos da economia urbana e as relações socioespaciais do lugar.

The research aims to analyze the transformation process of the riparian zone in the section of Estreito Hydroelectric Power Plant to the water catchment of Suzano company, from the analysis of changes that occurred in the landscape in the temporal scale from 1997 to 2018, as a way to contribute. Understanding the processes that have developed over time causing changes in both physical and social aspects. It also aims to characterize the landscape elements that make up the riparian zone; identify the transformations of this landscape in the Tocantins river in different scenarios; and present an integrated analysis of this landscape. In this perspective, we present the theoretical foundation based on the discussion of the landscape category and integrated analysis in watersheds. Also noteworthy is the review of riparian zone concepts in both geographical and other environmental sciences and the environmental legislation in force in Brazil, Maranhão and Tocantins. It adopts the systemic methodological proposal and the application of geoprocessing techniques that allowed the elaboration of the cartographic products: location of the study area, delimitation of the riparian zone using as a physical element the hipsometry, location of the beaches in the searched path, lithostratigraphic units, relief , soils and slope. Field work with photographs of the study area by camera, visit to four (04) fishermen's colonies, two (02) boatmen associations and six (06) boatmen associations with interviews with representatives of each of these establishments. Theoretical and conceptual reflections of riparian zone are presented as a result; geological, geomorphological and pedological characteristics; land use and occupation in the riparian zone area that were divided into five (classes), namely: agriculture, exposed soil, urban use, vegetation and water; integrated analysis of the landscape in the riparian zone which made it possible to identify the vulnerability index in the riparian zone; the implications for social agents, especially the riverine ones, who use the river in their daily activities, whether for leisure or economic activity to support their families. Thus, it can be inferred that the changes in the riparian zone in the researched section occur not only in the physical, but also social, causing implications for both the environment and society.

This research had as objective to present the results obtained in the study of the controlling factors of the erosive processes in the urban area of Bom Jesus das Selvas / MA. The analysis of these factors contributes significantly to the knowledge about erosion in the study, relating them to the triggering agents that converge to advance the erosion denominated voçoroca on September 7, where there was the collection of soil samples, infiltration test and activities as registration photographic study area, application of questionnaires with residents, among others. For the accomplishment of this work, the following environments were used: 1 - Activity in the Cabinet, for bibliographical and cartographic survey, with the search of theoretical reference, as well as data and files for elaboration of maps; 2 - Field activities (which had as objective to carry out infiltration tests, soil sample collection, 8 undeformed and 38 deformed were collected for the soil morphological description, soil density, grain size and soil granulometric analysis; The results obtained indicated that the September 7 gully is influenced by the natural and human control factors, in which the characteristics of the slopes, declivity, land use and cover, hypsometry and soil typology were evidenced. By means of the soil analysis, it was verified that the predominant granulometric fraction in the gull is frank sandy clay, not being a highly susceptible soil to erosion, which indicates that other factors are more significant in action under erosion. In relation to soil density, the data showed a mean compaction, also reflecting a medium porosity. As for particle density, the data indicated that soil particles do not show resistance to exogenous agents, water being the main natural influencing agent, as well as man as an anthropic agent. egarding soil morphology, the results indicate that it is characterized as medium / sandy texture, small size and granular structure; its dry and wet consistency and in relation to the plasticity and viscosity indicated little variation, comprising aspects referring to a soil of medium to clay texture. The susceptibility map indicated the areas with the highest probability of occurrence of erosions, being confirmed in the field, with the presence of several erosive processes. The applied questionnaires indicated that the population understands as the causal agent of the erosion advance, the lack of actions of the public power, not reflecting to a large extent its participation as well as influencing the agent in this advance, nevertheless, affirm that this erosion has a solution and blocking its impact. This work culminated in a sum of efforts in search of data and information scarce in greater detail of the area of study, but despite the difficulty, obtained satisfactory results, which corroborates the need of study and continuous deepening in relation to this final work, for the subject.

The cerrado of the southwestern Piaui mesoregion has been the scene of transformations in recent decades with the process of expansion of the agricultural frontier. This process was driven by a series of investments and state tax incentives aimed at modernizing agriculture that contributed significantly to the appropriation of the cerrado Piauiense by the dynamics of agribusiness. The impacts of this new structure are felt mainly in the countryside, as it tried to further aggravate the land structure as the land in the cerrado area becomes more and more valued, intensifying land concentration and consequently land grabbing. The Fazenda Flores Settlement Project, from where we started to understand the new dynamics that are taking place with the advance of the agricultural frontier in Piauí, is located between the municipalities of Currais and Bom Jesus, which stand out among the main soy producers in the state. . In this bias, we analyze the challenges found by the settlers for the conquest and permanence in the Fazenda Flores settlement. To achieve this objective, the following investigative process was carried out: a) theoretical and methodological research on frontier, rural settlements; b) search of official documents, in organs such as INCRA, which revealed the process of constitution of the Fazenda Flores Settlement; c) Data collection on official IBGE and INCRA websites; d) fieldwork with semi-structured interviews with the settlers, allowing to know the historical process of creation of the settlement, the way of life and the reading that the farmers make of the present challenges to stay in the territory, as well as interview with INCRA representative and the Pastoral Land Commission that contributed to the understanding of agrarian reform and the struggle for land in Piauí in view of the advance of the agricultural frontier. With this investigative process it was possible to understand that the farmers of this settlement face difficulties since the conquest of the land and after the consolidation of the PA they face the challenges of staying in the territory, because while incentives are directed to boost agribusiness, the settlers resist the land. without assistance, without public policies and in cases of grilagem that leaves them insecure about the future of the settlement.

The study area is the coastal strip to the north of the city of São Luís, which runs from mouth of the Anil river to the municipality boundary. The study area is located to the north of the Island of Maranhão, on the western coast and is bathed by the San Marcos Bay, an area intensely influenced by the coastal dynamics. This research intends to analyze the vulnerability to the marine intrusion of the São Luís coastal aquifer, using the GALDIT method, to zon the areas of high, moderate and low vulnerability to marine intrusion. To determine the vulnerability to salt wedge entry it was necessary to obtain the data referring to the characteristics of the type of aquifer; hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer; depth of groundwater; piezometric level; distance to the coastline, the impacts of the current state of the marine intrusion in The spatial trim of the study area, which is located north of Maranhão Island on the western coast and is bathed by São Marco's Bay, is the coastal strip north of the city of São Luís, delimited from Anil River's outfall until the limit of the municipality; this area being strongly influenced by the coastal dynamics. This research carried out the analysis of vulnerability to the marine intrusion of the coastal aquifer of São Luís, using the GALDIT method to separate the areas in high, moderate and low vulnerability. In order to determine the vulnerability to saline wedge entry, it was necessary to obtain data referring to the characteristics of the aquifer type, namely: hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, distance to the coastline, aquifer thickness, current state of marine intrusion in region and piezometric level, as well as depth and quality of the groundwater. In order to obtain enough data, the physical-chemical data of the tubular wells, available in Grant Terms made available by the State Secretary of the Environment of the State of Maranhão, was used as a preliminary analysis form. With the provided data, three profiles of geological substrates were elaborated through the analysis of data from the spreadsheets with a stratigraphic column of 32 (thirty two) wells in private properties, which provided the indication of lithological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the semi-confined aquifer Itapecuru and the free aquifer Barreiras, in addition to its associated water banks along São Luís coastal strip. Two forms of spatialisation were used: the first through data interpolation by IDW and the second form through the intercession of polygons. In both forms of mapping it was observed that areas with greater number of tubular wells or higher population density presents medium and high vulnerability closer to the coastal range. It was also observed that the parameters that most influenced the GALDIT index were the parameter L (piezometric level) and parameter D (coastline distance), which demonstrates that the weight attributed to these two parameters greatly influences the final result. This information on the vulnerability of aquifers indicates not only the need to perform monitoring on tubular wells, but an urgent need of management application in the exploitation of groundwater as a whole, considering flow capacity and daily pumping time. Caution in groundwater exploitation is utterly necessary in order to maintain and conserve the quality of fresh water, based on a sustainable management of the coastal zone for the protection of groundwater resources in Maranhão Island.

The fire represents a real and growing threat to people's lives and its causes are in some way linked to the precariousness of public services, triggering a series of social problems that are in many cases related to dangerous situations. The urban hydrant is considered one of the main mechanisms in reducing the vulnerability of the areas subject to the disasters caused by the fires. In this context, it should be noted that the production and reproduction of the Greater São Luís-MA region was accompanied by risks, human, material and environmental damages, among others; result of the growth, without ordered planning, of the urban spaces that compose the island. In this area of the society of risk, the municipality of São José de Ribamar is inserted, in which the anthropic interventions in the organization of the geographic space show the production of risks and situations of vulnerabilities to the fire. Therefore, the present study analyzes the risk of urban fires in the Municipality of São José de Ribamar based on the records of the period of 2015 through remote sensing products, geoprocessing techniques and elaboration of fire risk index. In order to do so, the aim was to identify the types, locations and incidence of occurrences, to diagnose the vulnerabilities of urban measures against fire, as well as to map the areas of risk and the locations of occurrences of fires. In order to reach the proposed objectives, the present research presents an exploratory nature with a quantitative-qualitative approach, since it prioritized to point numerically the location, frequency and intensity of the specialized assistance in a given geographic space. The data obtained comprised the temporal cut of January of 2015 - December of 2015, through the daily extract of attendance of the 1st CIBM that focuses on occurrences valid by type and place of attendance. Data were collected and tabulated in the Excel program. Descriptive statistics were elaborated and the thematic maps were drawn up, highlighting the occurrence maps, fire hydrant area and fire risk with the help of QGIS tools for cartographic representations of the events raised. Based on the partial results, it was evident that during the period of analysis of the occurrences of the year 2015, fire losses were characterized in 39 districts of the municipality of São José de Ribamar (MA), which in turn were affected by at least one of the five categories of fire (vegetation, garbage, LPG leakage, residence and vehicle), with the aggravation of such events materializing in neighborhoods with high population densities and distant from fire prevention and combat resources, in addition, the area covered by fire hydrants urban areas for this municipality has twelve water points, and only two of these are operational

The dissertation has as its theme the development of community tourism in the quilombola village of Boqueirão in Icatu-MA, located in the Geographical Meso-region of the North Maranhense / Geographic Microregion of Rosario. Tourism is an expanding sector that revitalizes activities in the localities where it is inserted, causing social, economic and environmental impacts at different scales. Community tourism aims to minimize them by seeking an ecologically balanced environment with the integration of the communities that receive the flows into the process of managing the activity. Currently, Icatu is among the eighty less developed municipalities in Maranhão (IMESC, 2014), although it has potential for community tourism that may contribute to the modification of this scenario. The research is aimed at understanding the impacts of conventional tourism and the social relations existing in the village. The dialectical method was chosen because it allows to analyze the conflicts of use of the territory and the understanding of the man under the procedural perspective. The study of Tourism Cargo Capacity (CCT) of Cifuentes (1992) and the Visitation Impact Management (MIV) of the ICMBio (2011) were used as tourism management tools. As a research technique, thirty forms and twenty-one semi-structured interviews were applied with residents and visitors and thus perceive the visions of the agents involved. For Creswell (2010), the research is exploratory in nature and is classified as a qualitative quantile, considering the paths adopted. It was found that 90% of the residents interviewed believe that tourism can generate income for the community, made up of 63 families. The impacts of conventional tourism in the village grow exponentially, but the community seeks alternative management to minimize such as: signaling, reforestation initiatives, construction of collective to meet tourist demand, among others. With the study of CCT and IVM it was possible to establish tourist management parameters such as the number of daily visitors to the current conditions of the attraction that is 125, but that can increase to 1,050 with the interventions proposed as an example: construction of suspended bridges and diversion of access to attractiveness. With the management, the community can raise the initial value of R $ 42,000 per month when considering only the weekends with maximum use. It should be emphasized that the values raised by the community with tourism currently serve for the improvements in attractiveness, construction of the headquarters of the residents' association and construction of the community church. It is concluded that the results presented to the community and discussed in assemblies provide guidelines for the efficient management of tourism, resulting in interventions in the territory.

The research aims to analyze the erosion processes by gully process in the power transmission line of the indirect influence area of the transmission line (230 kV) in the municipality of São Luís-MA. The methodological procedures included: bibliographic survey; field activity; preparation of thematic maps; laboratory analysis; of infiltration rates. The methodology used for the analysis of attributes was as follows: the soil description manual of Santos (2015) and Oliveira (2011), for the following characteristics: color, texture, structure (shape and size), consistency and stickiness . The physical attributes of the soils collected in the gully process were performed considering the following properties: soil bulk density, particle density, total porosity, grain size, according to the EMBRAPA soil analysis manual (2011) and the Blake volumetric balloon method; Hartge (1986) and Bowes (1986), the chemical attributes pH and organic matter EMBRAPA (2017). The infiltration tests were carried out according to the procedures presented by Hills (1970) and the Guerra proposal (2011). In the Transmission Line, different erosional features were identified, such as the Torres 1, Torres 2, Sacavém, BR 1 and BR 2 gullies. The origin and development of these processes are related to the implantation of electric power towers, erosion control factors, erodibility, erosivity, vegetation cover, land use and management, and slope. The predominant morphological attributes in the erosions were: red and yellow soil color; texture between medium, sandy and clayey; subangular shapes and varying small and medium sizes; consistency of the soil are mostly soft, very friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky. In these erosive processes the physical attributes such as the apparent density of the soil varied between 1.28 to 1.96 g / cm³ being in the gull BR 1, the density of particles varied between the limits 2.35 g / cm3 in the gullies Towers 1 to 3,33 g / cm³ in the same gully. In relation to the porosity, the lowest value is 26% found in the gull BR 1 and the highest value was found in the gullies Torres 1 (point 2) of 52.25%, the particle size with sand fractions and textures ranging from sandy loam, franc silt and sand. The infiltration rates in the erosive features showed significant results in the Sacavém gullies, BR 1 and BR 2, where water infiltration rates in the soil are more accelerated. The occurrence of the incisions is related to the power line towers and irregular occupations along the range of easement, as well as the geoenvironmental characteristics of the area in question.

The research investigates the landscape dynamics of the Aurá river basin in the state of Maranhão, using the GTP (Geosystem-Territory-Landscape) model, which is complex and diverse, requiring three inputs, naturalistic, socioeconomic and sociocultural relations that are related in the construction of the integrated geographic space, in the attempt to approach society and nature, seeking a sustainable management of the environment. The basin of the river Aurá has an area 1,184.59 km ² belongs to the region of the Atlantic Northeast West, being of relevance for the recreation, navigation and production of fish in the region. The methodological procedures of the research were based on bibliographical, cartographic and field research, and it was possible to hold informal conversations with farmers and fishermen in the region in order to understand the territorialities and tensions that emanate in the area under study, as instruments of research, questionnaires were applied to members of municipal governments that contributed to the formulation of the municipal environmental management index (IGAM) and interviews with key residents to investigate the problem. The results revealed that the area is characterized as a broad plain with a smooth to slightly undulating slope, highlighting strong undulations of the hills in the northeastern portion of the watercourse of the lower course of the basin that are constituted by the sandy sediments of the Barreiras Group. The geological conditions, due to the predominance of the Itapecuru Formation and hydrogeological substrate with low to medium potential for public supply, related to the hydrological behavior of the rivers, of intermittent character, mainly in the drought period, intensifying the water problem in the basin under study. Territorial dynamics occur through the exploitation of natural resources and are closely related to flood periods. The process of buses contributes to the reduction of the water table, directly affecting the economy of the municipalities of the medium and low course. In the analysis of the landscape, it was concluded that the countryside is the element present in the collective memory, that developmental interventions have brought socioeconomic impacts on the way of life of the population and are triggers for territorial tensions. The knowledge of these natural imperatives, added to the socioeconomic conditions of the municipalities built over centuries of history, are indispensable elements for municipal governance and the search for transformations in the regional conjuncture of poverty in the Baixada Maranhense, improving the quality of life and the conservation of nature.

Tourism is one of the activities that has the capacity to materialize the process of production of the space, as well as propitiates that the increase of the revenue of the State is possible from the social practice of tourism. For this reason, planned and public interventions (or not) happen in the sense of transforming space into tourist territories; In this context, the municipality of Tutóia, located on the Eastern Coast of Maranhão, is included. The Plan of Integral Development of Tourism in Maranhão-Plano Maior (MARANHÃO, 2000) was included in the Delta Tourist Pole of the Americas, together with municipalities of Paulino Neves, Maranhão Freshwater and Araioses. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the production and consumption of tourism spaces, based on the main instruments of tourism public policies, as well as to analyze the spatial dynamics of the municipality of Tutóia. The use of the dialectical method allowed arriving at an identification and later to an understanding on the conflicts and contradictions that come from the process of the tourist development. For that, the methodological path covered involved: 1) bibliographical, documentary and cartographic survey; 2) structured and open interviews with the agents of production of the tourist space: the tourist trade of Tutóia, the tourist, the community, and the public managers of tourism; 3) collection of geographical points for the production of thematic maps; 4) fieldwork for technical visits, acquisition of documentary material and photographic record; 5) dialogues with social agents directly involved with tourism. The results pointed out that, despite the great potential of the place and the fact that operators are significantly expanding their equipment and services, municipal management is out of alignment with the tourism trade, and this in turn still does not prioritize the development of tourism, which creates much conflict between these two agents. The conclusion of this dissertation revealed a scenario unfavorable to the production and consumption of the tourist space in Tutóia, starting from the conjecture that the inefficiency and absence of the municipal public power competes for the exclusion of the municipality of the Brazilian Tourist Map 2019, fact that constitutes a regression to a subnational unit that has been gaining visibility through references such as the "Emotions Route" and the inclusion of the Delta Tourist Zone of the Americas in the promotion and dissemination of tourism in the State of Maranhão.

This research analyzed the phenomena of drought and drought in the southern portion of the municipality of Bequimão-MA and its relation with the construction of buses in the watershed of the river Aurá. In order to support the analysis, it was fundamental to characterize the geoenvironmental aspects of the mentioned municipality and, consequently of the studied area, to identify the occurrence of the mentioned phenomena and their generating causes and to detect the main changes in the landscape of the floodplains, associated to the occurrence of droughts and dried. This municipality is located in the North Meso-region and Microregion of the Maranhense Western Coast, being inserted in the hydrographic regions of the North-East Atlantic and Pericumã River. It belongs to two Conservation Units, namely: Environmental Protection Areas of the Maranhenses and Maranhense Reservoirs and to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention). The studied area has influence of the Jacioca, Mata and Mojó rivers - tributaries of the river Aurá, making limits with municipalities of the BaixadaMaranhense. Official data of the National Water Agency (ANA), through the Drought Monitor of the Brazilian Northeast, National Institute of Space Research - INPE, Cearense Foundation of Meteorology and Water Resources (FUNCEME), Center for Studies and Research in Engineering and Civil Defense CEPED), indicate that Bequimão is one of the municipalities in the state of Maranhão that presents the drought phenomenon. In addition to the official data, the population living in the surroundings of the floodplains says that this area "has been drying up" very fast, a fact that had not previously occurred. Conceptually, the phenomena of droughts and droughts present different understandings. For Castro (2003); Pires, Silva and Mendes (2010); Leivas (2014); Magellan (2016), such phenomena are a natural occurrence and differ because, from a meteorological point of view, droughts result from a prolonged period of drought resulting from below-average rainfall ratios and high evaporation rates , and that causes a sustained reduction of the existing water reserves, resulting in water scarcity. Droughts occur more frequently than droughts, but both produce reflections on hydrological reserves and result in distinct damage to the productive sector and the biodiversity of affected areas.The assumptions of the Geosystemic Approach together with the qualitative and quantitative methods made possible the analysis performed. Likewise, the Landscape as a category of analysis of Geography was important for the analysis and interpretation of the environmental changes observed in the studied area. The results obtained lead to the acceptance of the occurrence of prolonged drought periods, which are characterized in different typologies of droughts, especially in the years 2007, 2010, 2012 to 2015, when the rains were below the annual average (Climatological Norm Brazil 1961-1990) for the region and, the temperatures presented high indices (average 27 to 30.89 oC). The occurrence of such phenomena is related to variations in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) patterns on tropical oceans, which affect the position and intensity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (TIC) on the Atlantic Ocean, as well as temperature anomalies observed in the Pacific Ocean, which result in years of La Niña and / or El Niño. The main changes observed in the landscapes of the studied area and adjacent areas are significant, mainly resulting from human intervention, such as the insertion of retreats, construction of fences and native pasture crops in areas of riparian forests, as well as numerous dams and buses in the area of flooded fields, among others. The theme discussed here demands complementary studies, subsidized by monitoring and evaluation of other indices, so that it is understood specifically the occurrences of drought and / or dryness in the studied area.

Soil erosion is one of the main types of land degradation in both rural and urban areas. It is a process that is closely related to the characteristics of the natural environment itself, but has been intensified through human activities. The water catchment area of the Anil river is extensively urbanized, presenting natural attributes that contribute to the degradation of the soil of this area. It is located in the northwest quadrant of the Island of Maranhão, totally inserted in the limits of the municipality of São Luís, possessing approximately 13,8 km of extension. The study area is part of this basin and focuses on its low course with an area of 23.26 km2. The research consisted of analyzing the linear erosive processes and the factors that contribute to the soil degradation in the low - water course of the Anil river basin in. The procedures used consisted of field research for information gathering, soil sample collection of the volumetric and deformed type; laboratory analysis of the physical properties of the soils that involved data production on the texture, soil density, particle density and total porosity of the samples collected; elaboration of thematic maps through geoprocessing techniques. All these research instruments were fundamental in the evaluation of the erodibility parameters, considering that in the Island of Maranhão the soils are highly friable and inconsolid, indicating the tendency of a natural fragility. The results showed that the area presents a geological predominance of the Itapecuru Group and mangrove areas. The elaboration of the simplified sketch of the soil classes together with the analysis of geomorphological aspects and morphological description of the area contributed to the characterization of the soils and indicated the occurrence of Quartzarenic Neosols and Latosols at collection points. The granulometric analysis revealed a high amount of the total sand fraction and predominance of sandy texture; soil and particle density showed a high degree of soil compaction and reduced percentages of total porosity due to low vegetation cover; the infiltration tests revealed a steady flow regime of soil water infiltration which contributes to surface runoff. Erosive features occur predominantly in areas of sparse hills, rectilinear slopes, sandy soils, and in slope classes that form a relief typology ranging from flat to undulating. The advance of deforestation has contributed to soil exposure and acceleration of linear erosive processes. Therefore, it is considered that studies with urban environmental approaches, mainly regarding the use and occupation of the soil and the impacts resulting from these actions without adequate planning are essential for the management of degraded areas.

The impacts generated by the natural dynamics of coastal areas are presented through the development and retrogradation. Australian studies show the importance of research on indicators. These studies recently proposed analyzing the mangrove and a salt flat ecosystem as a means to monitor changes in coastal environments as indicators of global warming, climate change, storm effects, sea level changes, pollution rates and sedimentation. coastal change, the Municipality of Raposa, is characterized by an intense process of alteration in the natural landscape and high vulnerability and coastal dynamics affected by several natural factors, but which in recent years has been intensified by anthropic action. The present research has the general objective of analyzing the changes in the coastline, mangroves and salt flats in the municipality of Raposa, using geoprocessing techniques. The fundamentals of this research are based on the systemic approach to the understanding of landscape dynamics and subsequent analysis of the area in an integrated vision, focusing in this way its particularities, potentialities, limitations and their interrelations with the environmental and social components the landscape. In order to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the mangrove and salt flat ecosystem, the algebra mapping process was performed, and for the identification of the sectors in erosion and progression, later a series of polygons were generated in order to show the regions of occurrence of erosion and deposition through the subtraction of polygons. Although the municipality still has large mangrove areas preserved, some areas had the vegetation suppressed as a result of the anthropic tensor through the process of urbanization and disorderly occupation of the municipality. During the analyzed period there were no variations of the salt flat feature, remaining in shape during the analyzed years, with small fringe changes, characterizing this feature as stable. From the explanation of these landscape units as indicators of coastal changes, it can be affirmed that of the indicators used to analyze the dynamics of the study area, the salt flat ecosystem was the only one that remained stable throughout the analyzed period.

This research aimed to analyze the forms of peasant mobilization for permanence on the land in front of the implantation of soy by so-called gauchos in the municipality of Brejo, located in the Microregion of Chapadinha, east of Maranhão. The methodological approach that guided the present investigation was the dialectical method, having as main procedures: survey and analysis of bibliographic material already produced on the subject and area of study, as well as the concepts / categories that ground the work, namely: territory and conflict; obtaining statistical information on the planted area and quantity produced with soybean, cassava and rice from 1990 to 2015 referring to the state of Maranhão and the Microregion of Chapadinha in the SIDRA database of IBGE; survey of occurrences of land conflicts, rural settlements projects and remaining communities of certified quilombos in the Microregion of Chapadinha and, specifically, in the municipality of Brejo through the database of CPT, INCRA and Fundação Cultural Palmares; fieldwork in villages in Brejo and also in municipal institutions such as SINTRAF and the Diocese from April to June 2017. Research was also carried out in organs in São Luís, like CPT and INCRA. Through the study on canvas it was verified that the actions of struggle for the land are related to the mobilization for the creation of settlements of agrarian reform; the activation of specific ethnic identities, as remnants of quilombos. The struggle of those self-proclaimed heirs for recognition as legitimate owners of the land and the continuity of craftsmanship, even with the scarcity of raw materials brought about by the transformation of the plots into soya fields, is also emphasized. However, it is also important to take into account the quieter forms of resistance expressed in the maintenance of a specific way of life, in spite of all the adversities brought by the expansion of agribusiness into the peasant territory.

The link between space and religion provides rich material for reflection in Geography (CORREA, 2002). Thus, in analyzing the Feast of the Círio de Nazaré, we can observe the possible transformations in the urban space in the Cohatrac neighborhood, in the city of São Luís, knowing that this, as object of study of cultural geography, can always be constructed by the individual, with countless purposes. Celebrated more than two centuries ago in the city of Belém in the state of Pará, and for more than two decades in the city of São Luís (MA), the Círio represents an important religious festival, of Portuguese root, consisting of a Catholic celebration that reveres the Figure of Mary of Nazareth, considered the mother of Jesus Christ, and in São Luis, lives a moment of great visibility acquired over the last years. The purpose of this paper is to understand, based on a cultural approach to Geography, the cultural-religious importance of the Feast of the Círio de Nazaré for the City of São Luís, besides analyzing the spatial dimension of the symbolic itineraries. The method used was Participant Observation, through the direct, frequent and prolonged contact of the researcher with the social actors, being thus the researcher himself the research instrument, including the use of essentially qualitative research techniques. Thus a detailed research, survey and bibliographic selection, fieldwork, open interviews and production of a field diary describing all the perceptions of the moments were carried out. Finally, based on the observations made, we can affirm that in the festive period, the Cohatrac neighborhood is transformed, the urban dynamics gain a new orientation, with an intense flow of devotees and visitors, that extends throughout the celebration and acquires strength in the Symbolic itineraries, when (re) organizing space and changing urban everyday life, (re) creating forms and (re) functionalizing them to meet the faithful.