One of Brazil's biggest problems is the unequal distribution of wealth within society. Such discrepancies seem to take shape in rural areas, where inequalities become more evident. Considering that large production in the agricultural sector led by an economic elite has long been part of society, this unequal movement comes from the scenario resulting from the differentiated spatial and temporal action of capital, in which family and capitalist production take on opposite sides. Based on Weber and Marx who define the State as a human community that successfully seeks a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory, the State is far from being the result of a social contract or the embodiment of democratic popular will. , nor does it represent the apex of rationality. Furthermore, racism is not a residue of a slave society overcome by capitalism, but a ballast of capitalism itself. Given this, we arrive at the general objective of this work, which was related to an analysis of the consequences of the insertion of projects financed by Pronaf in quilombola communities. from Bequimão. The specific objectives included an understanding of the relationship between Pronaf and food security in the quilombola communities investigated; an assessment of socioeconomic changes in communities that contracted program credits; and an assessment of the role of the State in implementing public policies that guarantee food security and the territorialities of quilombola communities. Regarding methodology, this work is exploratory in nature. The information gathering was carried out through qualitative and quantitative research, using semi-structured interviews and participant observation.

O Brasil negligencia o tratamento e disposição dos resíduos sólidos produzidos em seu território. Ageração de resíduos cresce à proporção que aumenta a população e o consumo, impactando diretamente o meio ambiente e a saúde pública. No Brasil, de acordo com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), Lei nº 12.305/10, os lixões deveriam ter sido extintos e os Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) somente destinados aos Aterros Sanitários. As prefeituras são responsáveis por assegurar o serviço de limpeza pública incluindo a coleta e disposição final dos RSU. É nesse contexto que se justifica a realização desta pesquisa, a qual tem como necessidade investigar a eficiência da Gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos no município de São Bento, localizado no estado do Maranhão. Nesse cenário, estabelece-se a questão que norteia a pesquisa: Como o município realiza a Gestão dos RSU? O objetivo geral foi analisar a implementação e as práticas adotadas em relação ao que preconiza a política nacional dos resíduos sólidos no município de São Bento – Maranhão. Como metodologia, estabeleceu-se a pesquisa descritiva, com coleta de dados por meio da análise documental, pesquisa bibliográfica e da legislação disponível, entrevistas com representantes municipais responsáveis pela gestão dos RSU e levantamento de dados primários em campo. A pesquisa bibliográfica aprimorou as bases teóricas do estudo, tratando os aspectos relacionados àsustentabilidade e à gestão dos resíduos sólidos. A pesquisa documental abordou a normatização referente aos resíduos sólidos, identificando as políticas públicas já adotadas, e avaliando a eficiência no gerenciamento desses resíduos, bem como, possibilitou a comparação das normas ambientais referentes aos resíduos sólidos nos níveis federal, estadual e municipal, e, a obrigatoriedade do poder público na sua execução. Na pesquisa de campo utilizou a aplicação de questionário a membros da administração pública municipal responsáveis pela gestão e destinação correta dos RSU, usando a técnica SWOT para avaliar os pontos fortes e fracos da gestão, além de visitas com registro fotográfico de locais públicos aonde se destinam os resíduos. Portanto, conhecer as ações que vêm sendo desenvolvidas pela prefeitura municipal, os desafios enfrentados na gestão de resíduos sólidos, trouxeram à luz o que está sendo realizado e desenvolvido nesse município. Quanto aos resultados, constatou-se que no município de São Bento, a legislação federal sobre os resíduos sólidos não está sendo implementada segundo as diretrizes nacionais. Tais constatações evidenciam a necessidade premente de uma sistematização e aceleração do processo de conformidade com a referida legislação, destacando a urgência de medidas corretivas. 

O jornal maranhense Tribuna do Povo (1945-1962) foi fundado e dirigido pela comunista maranhense Maria Aragão, num contexto de reorganização das bases do Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) no Maranhão, quando, nacionalmente, o partido fruiu de um breve período de legalidade pós Segunda Guerra. Aragão era também dirigente do PCB no estado. Construída por e voltada a trabalhadores e suas reivindicações, a Tribuna refletiu sobre a dinâmica sociopolítica estadual, nacional e internacional, fomentando a organização política das classes trabalhadoras. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as atividades da Tribuna durante seus primeiros dez anos (1945-1955), revelando elementos de sua estrutura organizativa e perscrutando o conjunto de suas publicações. Para isto, partindo do referencial teórico-metodológico ofertado pelo materialismo histórico e por abordagens histórias de análise do pensamento político, como o contextualismo linguístico da Escola de Cambridge, recorremos à pesquisa documental e à pesquisa bibliográfica para o alcance dos objetivos propostos. Como resultados, o trabalho identifica a Tribuna como órgão oficial de comunicação do PCB no Maranhão, recepcionando e difundindo as teses e orientações do partido em terras maranhenses. Em favor dos trabalhadores, sem abrir mão dos referenciais teóricos do PCB, de matriz terceiro-internacionalista, e com o papel decisivo de Maria Aragão à frente do jornal, a Tribuna influiu nas lutas políticas de seu tempo. E, numa perspectiva mais ampla, compôs o todo complexo que foi e é a circulação das ideias marxistas no Brasil, na América Latina e no mundo.

The National Program for Strengthening Family Farming – Pronaf had its origins in the struggles of social movements such as CONTAG (National Confederation of Agricultural Workers), MST (Landless Movements) and CUT Rural (Central Única dos Trabalhadores), in addition to the days, which came to be called “Screams of the Earth” and their main struggle was the demand for specific policies for agriculture. Since, since the creation of the program, the achievement of its goals, promoting the sustainable development of family farming, increasing productive capacity, generating jobs and improving income, have been discussed, I present the objective of this study, to analyze the socioeconomic impacts of PRONAF with family farmers in the municipality of São José de Ribamar. The methodology used was through the qualitative method. This is an exploratory study, part of a master's degree research in Socio-Spatial and Regional Development-UEMA. Keywords: Family farming. Public policy. Income. Pronaf.

CONTEMPORARY SLAVE LABOR: an analysis of neo-slavery in Maranhão lands

A presente pesquisa se propõe a analisar os impactos decorrentes da expansão do agronegócio da soja que atingiu a comunidade tradicional Carrancas, município de Buriti/MA, processo violento que ameaça as maneiras de ser, de fazer e de viver de populações tradicionais em um contexto de intensificação da violência no campo e de resistências populares diante das brutalidades. A problemática da investigação insere-se em uma realidade de intensos conflitos agrários e socioambientais, decorrentes do atual modelo econômico em curso, tendo como resultado a ampliação da fronteira agrícola denominada Matopiba, na qual o munícipio de Buriti está inserido. Analisa-se o desenvolvimento histórico do capitalismo no Maranhão e suas contradições na época neoliberal. Discute-se a história de Carrancas, contada a partir da versão dos seus moradores, a singularidade de sua organização socioeconômica e jurídica, o papel do Estado na implementação de um modelo de desenvolvimento desigual, violento, brutal e predatório do ponto de vista social e ambiental, os múltiplos impactos decorrentes da expansão do agronegócio da soja, os conflitos agrários e socioambientais e as distintas formas de resistências realizadas pela comunidade em face da territorialização do capital no campo. Para a realização desta pesquisa, tomou-se como referência a perspectiva de estudos decoloniais e pós-coloniais e a crítica marxista. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos desenvolvidos, foram realizadas análises de um conjunto de documentos (estudos, processos judiciais, processos administrativos, relatórios, cartas, mapas, imagens de satélite, documentários) relativos à comunidade Carrancas, bem como técnicas de observação direta, entrevistas semiestruturadas e conversas realizadas em distintos e diferentes contextos, buscando seguir as narrativas das memórias e cartografias, falas, olhares, expressões e sentimentos sobre cotidianos, festas, lamentos, direitos, tensões, conflitos e mobilizações. 

This study aims to understand the social gender relations in the formation of urban space, focusing on the unequal access that women have to facilities, services, and opportunities. The gender debate is approached from a materialist perspective, drawing on Marxist principles for discussion. Authors such as Henri Lefebvre, Jane Jacobs, and Flávio Villaça are considered for their insights on space, city, and territorial structure, alongside gender concepts, patriarchy, and inequalities analyzed by Judith Butler, Heleieth Saffioti, Teresa Di Lauretis, and Michel Foucault. The goal is to contribute to the gender perspective in the discussion about cities, aiming to comprehend the place and role of women in urban spaces. The methodology of Gender Safety Audit and Walkability is employed to reflect on the factors that qualify public spaces within the Municipal Program for the Revitalization of the Historic Center of São Luís. This reflection seeks to address gender needs and aspirations, promoting women's presence and influence in urban spaces. The study utilizes the experience gained from the program implemented by the São Luís municipality, funded by the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), focusing on the central area from 2016 to 2022. Openended questionnaires were administered to analyze the quality of urban interventions in the historic center of the Maranhão capital concerning gender perspectives. The study presents a critical reflection on the impact of the patriarchal system on city formation and women's daily lives, including their access to contemporary urban spaces. It comprehensively examines the gender perspective within the established spatial context. The urban planning tools used by the program are evaluated as inclusive instruments within the territory. This evaluation is based on interventions made in public spaces, considering gender equity, functionality, and the empowerment of women directly affected. Interviews with women using these spaces provide insights into their perceptions.

In recent years, Brazil has gone through serious economic and social crises, which have a direct impact on labor relations and, why not say, on the economy. Therefore, it has affected the worker's income, given the sharp drop in the offer of new jobs in the country. In this perspective, the article brought as an investigation problem a historical and contemporary rescue of occurrences related to work analogous to slavery. The present study seeks to demonstrate that it is not only the financial factors within the family that encourage the demand for this irregular practice. In some cases, it is verified the occurrence of work in conditions analogous to slavery, including in urban areas. There are even highlights that there are currently several demonstrations of work in these conditions, as the digital media invariably provides us with news of people who are rescued either at home, or in companies, or on farms. The research begins an analysis from the beginning, walks through the glamorization of slavery brought in our school benches, where they pass on information that since the enactment of the golden law, this type of offense to the dignity of the human person has not happened in Brazil, which remained demonstrated not be the expression of truth. After such notes, the possible causes for this continuity will be identified, as well as the current public policies that demonstrate its fight, with the main focus of not ending, at least mitigating the occurrences. The survey showed, based on official bodies, with the participation of society, that Maranhão is currently one of the largest exporters of labor analogous to slavery, whether due to socio-spatial issues, such as location, drought periods and even excessive rains or even, by the high rate of illiteracy. All this socio-spatial framework brought several concerns that motivated this research.

Gameleira é um povoado do município de Brejo – MA, situado no eixo do Leste Maranhense, que vem sofrendo continuamente com o avanço dos campos de soja sobre seu território secular, o que impacta diretamente no modo de vida da comunidade: na produção agrícola, na econômica, nas relações sociais, familiares e culturais, promovendo, paulatinamente a sucumbência das suas raízes históricas e pondo em risco a proteção do ecossistema e bioma, daquele território. Gameleira é uma comunidade tradicional, que por estar localizada no bioma cerrado, tem como cultura o plantio de subsistência, a criação de pequenos animais para sustento, venda e escambo, possui fortes raízes culturais tradicionais, uma logística administrativa própria, vivendo em perfeita simbiose com o bioma local, o cerrado, onde preservam as nascentes e árvores nativas da região, de onde tiram parte do seu sustento, pois praticam também o extrativismo. Diante dessa realidade, enquadra-se nos requisitos da categoria, Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais – PCT.

Em contraponto à essa dinâmica de preservação do bioma e modo de vida baseada na tradição, com o slogan “O agro é pop”, novo marketing do empreendedorismo predador, temos a agroindústria, que massivamente vem buscando, em meio ao território amazônico e o cerrado, terras para a produção mecanizada, solidificando uma cultura econômica e ideológica, que projeta o “progresso” com “desenvolvimento” do campo, através do processo de implantação de monoculturas, que por vezes é violento em seu contexto econômico, ambiental e social, representando bem a atual conjuntura vivida não apenas pela Comunidade Gameleira, mas muitas comunidades rurais do país.

Este trabalho, tem por objetivo, estudar o conflito que se estabeleceu na região, tendo como recorte principal, a implantação e expansão da sojicultura, e como a autoprodução da comunidade de Gameleira, em seu contexto multidisciplinar serve como resistência, frente ao avanço dessa prática capitalista em seu território.

Como metodologia, trabalharemos a construção de um arcabouço histórico iniciando no Brasil colônia, passando pela análise das dinâmicas desenvolvimentistas aplicadas durante a década de 70 até os dias atuais, como forma de contextualizar as raízes que sustentam as atuais relações vivenciadas pela Comunidade Gameleira. 

     Realizar-se-á ainda, a conceituação e aplicação de algumas categorias tais com: território e territorialidade, Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais-PCT, conflito, agronegócio etc. que corroboram com a compreensão da realidade em que o estudo foi realizado, e a fundamentação dos nossos argumentos ao analisarmos, as relações da Comunidade, com o meio em que está inserida, as relações que ali ocorrem/decorrem.  Buscaremos entender ainda, a motivação e as estratégias, tanto do conflito como da resistência da Comunidade Gameleira diante da tragédia que avança sobre si.

EEste trabalho expõe uma análise sobre a luta dos trabalhadores rurais pela terra e a organização politica em face da implantação de grandes empreendimentos no Maranhão, tendo como realidade empírica o acampamento Marielle Franco. Evidenciando as expressões históricas da questão agrária sob a égide da política neoliberal, que se assenta em uma relação desigual de disputa territorial e política. Analisando essa problemática que se expressa na disputa entre as classes sociais, numa relação desigual, através do confronto entre trabalhadores rurais e o grande capital. Compreendendo esse contexto desfavorável por meio de expressões organizativas dos trabalhadores rurais no decorrer da história, através de estratégias de luta e formação de alianças com o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST, Federação dos Trabalhadores Rurais Agricultores e Agricultoras do Estado do Maranhão – FETAEMA, Movimento Interestadual das Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu – MIQCB, dentre outras organizações. Argumentamos sobre a identidade e consciência de classe na construção dessa luta politica em oposição ao poder hegemônico. Concluímos que o processo da luta pela terra não é homogêneo se faz parte de um processo de emancipação e consciência de classe, em que a busca pela sobrevivência dessas famílias, as conduz para se organizarem e se reorganizarem para enfrentar a ótica vigente.

Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Programa de Pós Graduação em Desenvolvimento Socioespacial e Regional da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (PPDSR-UEMA) e visa compreender as implicações da territorialidade negra na produção do espaço de territórios e bairros negros, estabelecendo como campo empírico o quilombo urbano da Liberdade e os bairros da Madre Deus e Coroadinho, territórios negros localizados na cidade de São Luís-MA. Tais espaços exemplificam os conceitos de territorialidade negra, partindo inicialmente do histórico de formação para os aspectos identitários e específicos do lugar. Considerando o contexto da diáspora africana são firmados a partir de conceitos próprios e se colocam como exemplares fundamentais para se pensar o urbanismo criado e produzido no Brasil. Para além de toda a imposição de lógicas de degradação dos territórios negros no decorrer dos anos, os espaços se concebem e se perpetuam a partir de lógicas próprias e distintas das formulações urbanísticas hegemônicas, sendo desconsiderado nas rotas de desenvolvimento urbano e na própria história do urbanismo brasileiro. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa parte de uma orientação decolonial somada às perspectivas do pan-africanismo e da afrodescendência para formular o campo epistemológico, a partir de estudo bibliográfico conceitual das teorias de produção do espaço e território negro, revisão histórica da formação dos territórios e bairros negros brasileiros, para assim adentrar à pesquisa de campo nos bairros estudados, com utilização de fotos, mapas e entrevistas com moradores locais. As conceituações e levantamentos bibliográficos somados às informações colhidas in loco nas comunidades proporcionaram discussões sobre a percepção dos territórios indo além das carências, sendo concebido e mantido através de lógicas próprias de produção do território negro, ainda que distintas pontualmente, relacionadas a partir da origem em comum

En el presente trabajo, buscamos explicar la situación de Alcântara-MA, específicamente la comunidad remanente del quilombo Mamuna, campo empírico del referido texto de disertación, que tratamos de evidenciar la situación vivida por las comunidades a través de una nueva amenaza de expulsión de sus territorios o que puedan poner en peligro su trabajo de subsistencia y la erradicación de su identidad étnica. Con una territorialidad comprometida por el avance de un gran entramado tecnológico, la comunidad Mamuna junto a las demás comunidades se articula y a través de sus representaciones mantiene la resistencia a través de la lucha por su derecho al territorio de pertenencia ancestral. Cabe mencionar que esta lucha contra este nuevo ordenamiento territorial y el racismo estructural, este último considerado un obstáculo en la resolución de títulos de propiedad que hasta el día de hoy nunca han sido emitidos. Toda esta maraña de contrastes sociales compromete el día a día de las comunidades que temen una nueva ampliación del Centro de Lanzamiento de Alcântara (CLA), una vez ampliado las consecuencias serán catastróficas, pues impactará todos los sistemas productivos de agricultura familiar, pesca y vivienda de esa población. Este estudio se orientó por el método materialista histórico y dialéctico con el fin de comprender la construcción histórica e interpretar esta realidad donde se inserta el hombre.

This work aims to investigate the process of formation and occupation of the neighborhood “Vila Isabel Cafeteira”, located in a “risk” area in São Luís/MA. The focus is on understanding the relationships between the socioeconomic aspects (family income, education, occupational history, etc.) of the residents, with their motivations for occupying this location. Brazilian urbanization has been strongly marked in recent decades by inequality of access to space and housing, characterizing a socio-spatial segregation in its process. We sought to explain how the production of urban space in São Luís, based on the highlighted neighborhood, reproduces these broader aspects of urbanization in Brazil. The research was based on two types of data: the primary ones were obtained through semi-structured interviews and direct observations of the researched reality; and the secondary ones were acquired through information about the Brazilian urban expansion and the city of São Luís produced by IBGE, in addition to the analysis of published articles on news portals about the neighborhood, in general showing the situation of a risk area - floods and landslides – of some streets in the locality. The focus was to understand how the characteristics of the broader process of urban expansion and socio-spatial segregation in the municipality of São Luís are evidenced through individual/family experiences and through the representations of the residents interviewed.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo observar e analisar a acessibilidade urbana e como esta se coloca enquanto direito fundamental e indispensável no tocante ao direito à cidade. O método utilizado nesta pesquisa teve um viés marxista, na compreensão de como a lógica do capital burguês apropria-se do espaço urbano do bairro do João Paulo, de maneira específica na Avenida São Marçal. Neste cenário de conflitos acontece a reprodução do valor e da riqueza de maneira bem presente na cidade de São Luís. O bairro do João Paulo, desde o começo do século XX, contribuiu no processo de expansão da cidade de São Luís, antiga rota chamada de “Caminho Grande.” Nota-se a presença do poder no bairro do João Paulo através do Quartel do 24 BIS e também pelo enorme valor cultural que acontece pelas festividades do Bumba-meu-boi na grande Festa de São Marçal. A abordagem da pesquisa foi do tipo bibliográfica, pois trabalha-se um recorte teórico a partir de Santos (1977,2007,2013), Lefebvre (2001), Garcia (2012), Jacobs (2000), Gehl (2013), Speck (2016), Burnett (2008,2011), Pfluger (2012,2020), Lopes (2013,2016), Cunha (2012) entre outros autores, e também qualitativa, aquela que se faz por meio da observação não participante da prática cotidiana das pessoas ao se deslocarem dentro do espaço urbano do João Paulo, de como usam os espaços destinados a pedestres, e de que forma a acessibilidade urbana se torna um indicador na qualidade de vida de todos aqueles que buscam bens, serviços, trabalho e lazer no bairro do João Paulo. O diálogo com atores sociais que participaram da pesquisa, e que vivenciam acessibilidade em seus cotidianos, ajudou a contribuir na construção da reflexão sobre uma política urbana que assegure acessibilidade no espaço urbano do João Paulo como direito humano e fundamental. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o atendimento aos critérios de acessibilidade não deve visar apenas o cumprimento da Legislação vigente, uma vez que é um instrumento de promoção da cidadania, possibilitando a criação de espaços que acolham e reconheçam todas as pessoas de maneira democrática e inclusiva.

The present study has as its object of analysis the relationship between social entrepreneurship and the sustainable development of the babassu production chain from the specific case of the Itapecuru-Mirim region. It is demonstrated that the exploitation of babassu in Maranhão took place in a complex and contradictory way, in which the fruit was only partially used. While the industrial and commercial sectors accumulated surplus value, extractive families resold almonds by the kilo for a very low price. With the contribution of social movements in the countryside, in the early 1990s, a discussion began on labor options that went beyond the formal relations of salaried work. With a more inclusive proposal, enterprises such as associations, cooperatives and mothers' clubs have spread throughout the interior of Maranhão. In the Vale do Itapecuru region, coconut breakers, producers and entrepreneurs change the status quo through entrepreneurship. The investigation brings as a theoretical perspective the work of Alexander Chayanov, a Russian agrarian economist who investigated the specificities of the social fabric in rural areas. For the author, the salary phenomenon does not reach the peasant production unit, which will have another motivation for work: the satisfaction of their needs through collective production, as occurs in the empirical field of the present research. In Itapecuru Mirim, we sought to characterize the role of social entrepreneurship and its contribution to the sustainable development of the babassu production chain in the region. It was also sought to assess whether this type of enterprise promotes the protagonism and empowerment of the families involved in the activity. To this end, field research and questionnaires were applied to agencies that support extractivism and family farming that operate in the region. It is concluded about the relevance of social entrepreneurship as an income generator and in breaking some level of social risk state in the investigated communities.

Este trabalho pretende investigar a atuação da Rede de bibliotecas comunitárias “Ilha Literária” no âmbito da efetivação do direito humano à leitura no bairro do Coroadinho e da Cidade Operária, duas comunidades periféricas de São Luís. Com o objetivo de perceber se e de que modo esses espaços públicos contribuem para o desenvolvimento social das comunidades às quais estão inseridas. Para apreendermos criticamente tal movimento, nossas análises foram ancoradas no materialismo histórico enquanto perspectiva metodológica. Em relação ao referencial teórico que serviu de base e sustentação para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, priorizou-se autores que trabalham com uma análise crítico-dialética da realidade social, processo indispensável para a compreensão do objeto em estudo. Entre as principais referências, tem-se: Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, Antonio Gramsci, Jorge Acanda, Ricardo Antunes, Virgínia Fontes, Allyson Mascaro, Carlos Montaño, entre outros. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizamos a pesquisa bibliográfica nas principais bases de dados de pesquisa e a pesquisa documental em fontes disponibilizadas pela Rede Ilha Literária, por meio de uma pesquisa de campo foi auxiliada por anotações em diário de campo, aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e aplicação de questionários. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que mesmo frente ao avanço do capital, as bibliotecas comunitárias resistem e têm conseguido melhorar a vida do seu público e da comunidade em que estão inseridas por meio da aplicação humanizadora da leitura. Enfatiza-se  que o livro de literatura, mediado sob uma perspectiva emancipatória, possibilita o discernimento sobre os Direitos Humanos, estimulando o desenvolvimento de sujeitos mais conscientes, com habilidades para melhor assimilar sua responsabilidade no mundo e de transformá-lo por meio de suas condutas. A teoria gramsciana levou-nos a identificar que os principais parceiros e subsidiadores da Rede Ilha Literária formam um conglomerado de Aparelhos Privados de Hegemonia que, junto a outros de alcances e potências diferenciados, formam uma complexa rede social composta por uma fração da burguesia brasileira, que influencia e age sobre a educação pública em várias frentes, em especial, nas políticas públicas do livro e da leitura, nas práticas e no consenso.

Conflicts between capital holders and people who depend directly of material and symbolic reproduction evidence the correlation of forces existing in the capitalist system, which, in the unbridled search for the accumulation of profit, acts based on a colonialist logic. The article 68 of the Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act ensures the right of remnants of quilombo over their territories, with the State being responsible for issue of titles. However, the dichotomy between the legal and the real is accentuated in the Brazilian structure, promoting uncertainties and threats to these collectivities.  In this context, Saco das Almas, a quilombola territory, is located in eastern Maranhense, in the municipalities of Brejo and Buriti, inserted in the dynamics of MATOPIBA, an agricultural frontier presented as a development plan of the Brazilian government since 2015. The region of the new frontier covers a significant number of traditional populations, which suffer constant investments from agribusiness. In this perspective, this research aims to investigate the organizational processes of resistance of the quilombolas of Saco das Almas to face the social effects of agribusiness in the region of Brejo/Buriti-MA. During this study, two methodological bases are adopted, which privilege the analysis of the totality of social processes to understand oriented beyond the apparent, as a methodology based on the contrast of the logic of modernity/coloniality, because it prioritizes local and frontier stories. Therefore, the dialectical historical materialist method and the decolonial proposal are applied. Saco das Almas is identified as a quilombola territory not titled by the responsible body, implying imminent risks to the residents of the communities due to the advance of soybean fields.Faced with the predatory nature of the capitalist mode of production, the quilombolas put themselves in a position of struggle and resistance to defend the right to the territory, the maintenance of life, and a liberating project anchored in another type of society, the Good Living.

This research aims to identify the strategies of resistance and political articulation used by the Traditional Communities Jambuca and Batista in Campo de Perizes, Bacabeira, in the defense of their territoriality in the face of the dynamics of capital advance in Maranhão. The location of the municipality of Bacabeira, close to a logistic infrastructure network (BR-135 highway, the Carajás and Transnordestina railroads, power transmission lines, the Italuís system), and near the Port of Itaqui, has been attracting national and international investments linked to mineral exploration and production, activities linked to agribusiness and the construction of large infrastructure works that boost the circulation and reproduction of capital. The period demarcated as a reference for the research is from 2011 to 2021, where the first collective actions of resistance and political articulations were triggered and continued to happen in the face of constant threats promoted by the capital, putting at risk the territorialities of traditional communities. The development model in Brazil, based on attracting national and international investments that "modernize" and bring "progress" to the country, full of contradictions and disrespect for social and ethnic rights, has been directly impacting several traditional peoples and communities, depleting natural resources, loosening the laws, and interfering in ways of social reproduction. In this context, Jambuca and Batista are part of a range of traditional communities in rural areas of Maranhão that experience impacts from large development projects and create, in an antagonistic way, resistance movements in defense of their territories and find, in the act of (r)existir, a way of being visible beyond the ideology of demographic voids. The method adopted for the analysis of such processes is based on the Dialectical Historical Materialism (MARX, 2008), since it is based on the assumption that the concrete reality does not present itself truly as it is, but in an abstract way, and also that the concrete is a synthesis of several determinations. The theoretical-methodological conception of the research combines propositions by Smith (1998), Harvey (2005, 2014) regarding the capitalist production of space, supporting itself in decolonial studies by Escobar (2014), Porto-Gonçalves (2012) and Quijano (2002), rural identities and territorialities by Little (2004), Cândido (2017), Woortmann (1981), and Haesbaert (2007), as well as processes of resistance discussed in Scott (2013), Castells (2018), and Laclau and Mouffe (2015). The dissertation contemplates bibliographic research, complemented with case studies in scientific publications and specified with official documentary research and electronic media, and the direct research, effected through visits and field study, it sought the socio-spatial characterization of the communities, with the identification of the territory by the residents themselves in the production of collective maps, photographic surveys and interviews with residents, social agents and public managers involved directly or indirectly in the conflict for land. The partial results of the research indicate that, even under unfavorable conditions in the correlation of forces in the class struggle, the actions of resistance and articulation of the communities of Jambuca and Batista happen in multiple ways - internal organization of the residents, permeating the daily life, partnerships with legal and civil institutions, local power and state departments - also in alliance with other social groups that face similar situations of the struggle for territoriality.

The processes of economic development since the beginning in Brazil have been responsible for most of the great social changes that have shaped society as we know it today. The process of slavery suffered by African peoples in Brazil is a real representation of how economic activity can have harmful and permanent influence and consequences. Slaves, in the process of fleeing the plantations, sought to survive and assert themselves. The formation of quilombos was an act of resistance and survival, which was maintained thanks to the aspect of the land and the production of food itself through agriculture and breeding. Even after the “end of slavery”, the quilombos still remained for a long and complicated period, during which the quilombolas were invisible to the State. The process of social and economic inequality also experienced by this group of the Brazilian population only portrays how the public policies aimed at the segment are doing. Over time, the quilombola territories gradually gained the power to make themselves present to the State. It was only after the 1988 Constitution that negotiations began for the Territory Certification and Titling processes, which gradually gained recognition. In this sense, this work aims to analyze the process of agricultural and livestock activities in a quilombola community, and the processes of Certification and Titling of Quilombola Territories. The focus of the work was the representation and analysis of current data from the Certification and Titling Processes of Quilombola Territories, as well as the results of the Juçaral dos PretosQuilombola Community in Presidente Juscelino, where historical, productive and social data were analyzed, with surveys among young people and adults.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma reflexão e análise sobre os projetos de desenvolvimento industrial na comunidade do Cajueiro situada na Zona Rural II de São Luís, Maranhão, evidenciando alterações na dinâmica territorial da comunidade em estudo, bem como discute a organização e resistência dessa comunidade frente às ações de projetos desenvolvimentistas. De maneira específica, demonstrou-se que essa comunidade centenária vive essencialmente do extrativismo, da agricultura e da criação de pequenos animais e, desde 2014, vivencia uma luta socioterritorial e um grande enfrentamento por parte dos seus trabalhadores contra a instalação do TUP Porto São Luís, representado pela empresa WPR São Luís Gestão de Portos e Terminais e pela empresa chinesa China Communications Construction Company. Destacou-se, ainda, a instalação dos projetos industriais sob a dinâmica do capital e suas implicações nas disputas pela terra. Contextualizou-se a lógica do capital nos países periféricos e a política de desenvolvimento no Brasil, a partir da década de 1950 até a década de 1980, enfocando o papel do Estado e do mercado frente a essas políticas. Abordou-se a ação dos projetos industriais, bem como a expansão portuária na comunidade do Cajueiro, a partir dos projetos financiados por verbas federais e transnacionais que desconsideram o modo de vida e a diversidade cultural, além do direito desses trabalhadores à terra. Analisou-se, também, as alterações no modo de vida e nas condições laborais dos trabalhadores rurais da comunidade do Cajueiro diante da perspectiva de implantação do Porto Privado. Centrou-se a discussão na organização e resistência dos trabalhadores rurais no Brasil, destacando as formas de expressão da consciência da classe trabalhadora. Por fim, analisou-se a luta da comunidade do Cajueiro em seus movimentos de consciência política, evidenciando suas formas e estratégias de organização e resistência na luta pela terra como condição de sobrevivência. Portanto, a organização política nesse contexto é a expressão dos trabalhadores perante o conflito gerado pelo capital. Este estudo está fundamentado no método materialista histórico-dialético, tendo como referência a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, para compreender as categorias centrais e suas implicações na realidade concreta, precisamente da comunidade do Cajueiro. 

Study on the formation of Lagoa da Jansen in São Luís do Maranhão, making a socio - spatial analysis of the area in order to visualize the gentrification existing in the construction of the space, which caused the valorization of some parts and the devaluation of others within the study space. . Later, present how the Lagoa da Jansen is in contemporaneity and the reflection of these changes in the urban landscape

This study aims to analyze the implications of the work of shellfish gatherers for local development in the municipality of São José de Ribamar. It contextualizes the world of work and gender relations to understand the social conditions and social vulnerability in which they are inserted. It identifies the forms of socioeconomic production of seafood for local development, analyzing the sexual division of labor within the artisanal fishing community and profiling these women. To guide this analysis, the dialectical historical materialism method was used as a theoretical and methodological basis, in order to understand the contradictions existing in the categories surrounding this study, as well as their historical and material determinations. To this end, qualitative and quantitative research was chosen to critically analyze the particularities of the living conditions of the shellfisherwomen in their socio-spatial context. We used as auxiliary techniques participant observation, semi-structured interviews, bibliographic and documentary research in primary and secondary official sources, with statistical data. The field research was aided by field diary entries of oral histories, photographic records, and audio recordings. The result of this research showed that the work of shellfish gatherers is possible to contribute to local development and income generation, however, there are many difficulties that need to be overcome. It was found that it is necessary to strengthen the social and political organization of shellfish gatherers, as well as gender public policies that respond to their real needs. Government programs and the seafood processing plant, projects considered as local development by public administrators, also require more expansion and dissemination, as well as acceptance by the community. On the other hand, the paradigms of the sexual division of labor legitimize the precarious conditions that still exist among shellfish gatherers, prevailing in situations of inequality and invisibility of their work.

The Brazilian academic production, in general, is affected by several factors related to its colonial past. Since the beginning of the Brazil’s conquest and colonization plan, the relations of power developed have outlined a process of subalternation, silencing and subordination, which would remain and reinstate even after the formal end of that period. The influence of diverse power structures arising from colonial relations was all over country. Therefore, colonization in Brazil comes to an end, but domination structures and international dependence are maintained. The definition of these international (European) standards as hegemonic models makes the non-hegemonic sciences dependent on this universal knowledge. Thus, methodologies, concepts, ideas, projects, and surveys are determined, oriented, and controlled based on the sciences of the dominant countries. Accordingly, this research was made from the analysis of the implications of colonialism and structural racism in the eurocentred conception of the way of making science, having as an empirical field the course of architecture and urbanism of the State University of Maranhão (UEMA) and as main objective to analyze the impacts of these historical processes in this field of knowledge. A historical contextualization on the origin of Eurocentrism and scientific racism is briefly developed, as well as the effects of colonialism into the history of architecture that by itself already configures a silencing history. Throughout this work the first curriculum framework of the first courses of architecture in Brazil are analyzed and subsequently the composition of the UEMA’s curriculum framework and in addition the racial analysis of the teacher’s framework. In the end, the interviews with students and former students are exposed related to racial issue in architecture, as well as the interview with the teacher who participated directly on the course’s plan in 1992. This research, therefore, is centered on the concepts of Eurocentrism, colonialism (of power and knowledge) and structural racism starting from an approach based on decolonial authors and in the theoretical-methodological perspective of Pierre Bourdieu.

Self-segregation, status and lack of security are important factors when discussing the wide growth of the condominium typology, not only in São Luís, but in most cities, since this Brazilian model has its benefits and drawbacks in the urban environment. This work aims to present an interpretation and analysis of the singular character of condominium occupation and understand how horizontal and vertical condominiums have transformed the urban space of the city of São Luís. In the last twenty years, the main product of the housing market in housing has been urban enclave models , which following the current logic of capitalism, has been reproduced in peripheral areas such as the capital of the state of Maranhão

This research aims to stablish through the importance of water and landscape concept, how it is possible to conect urban development and lanscape perception together with drainage infraestructure understanding, tackling the vision of those who live with this type of project, previously approaching the historical evolution of drainage infraestructure  within the world and in Brazil, highlighting the drainage issues in this country, approaching also susteinable water reuse policy models as good river management cases are archieved together with the local community. The main interest areas for this research are the Córrego 1º de Maio Park and the insertion point of Paciência river channeling where is located at MA-201 in São Luís city. Qualitative studies are made to understand aspects related to urban space quality, as well as, how drainage infraestructure is inserted in the inhabitants and other agents imaginaries in both mentionated examples. The both projects are caracterized  at the same time for a similar and different approaches, due to this aspect, this research tries to comprehend in which ways the generated impact of sanitarist and environmental friendly project implementation approaches differenciates in the manner how population realize each project also in the form how the project provide improvements for the environment, reinforcing conflits and at the same time co-dependance between those who implement urban drainage projects and those who are directly impacted by this projects. 

Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the notions of citizenship and social development in the universe of the so-called “social-corporate responsibility” from the conceptions and practices of the Maranhão Institute of Corporate Citizenship (ICE-MA). As data from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) point out, there is currently a significant volume of organizations that make up the so-called “third sector” and that propose to act in what is commonly called “Social field”. As an expression of this phenomenon is the ICE-MA, an entity founded in the 1990s and still present in the Maranhão context. Given this, two main questions guide this research: 1) What factors explain the range of civil society organizations that in recent decades have been acting as actors in the design and implementation of social projects / interventions in Brazil? 2) To what extent do the entities and organizations occupying this land contribute to building a framework of full citizenship and effective social development? As a hypothesis, I argue that the entry of civil society organizations in the field of social action is largely explained by the process of state withdrawal in this sphere of action since the 1990s, a milestone in the introduction of neoliberal policy in Brazil. I further suppose that as they move away from the problematization of the structural causes of economic, political, and social inequalities — fundamentally related to class domination and the logic of capital accumulation — these entities would contribute more to management-maintenance than to structural overcoming of the social precariousness framework in which they operate. The qualitative investigation brings dialectical materialism as a theoretical-methodological perspective, relevant for understanding history as a conflicting process, for articulating economy, politics and culture in explaining reality and for allowing the association of particular phenomena with social wholeness. As specific procedures, the work has bibliographic and documentary research, as well as interview and field observation.

This research aims to analyze the structure, dynamics and access of PNAE in São Luís from 2014 to 2018. The choice of the municipality of São Luís as spatial cutout for the reserach is due to the fact that the municipality has the largest participation in the PNAE in Maranhão. In addition, we also seek to verify the strategies used by the municipal secretariats of education and agriculture for the consolidation of PNAE in the communities, in addition to mapping the schools served and the participating communities of the program and investigating how much the Ludovicense rural area supplies schools of the municipality through the PNAE. For the development of the research, we used the Historical and Dialectical Materialism as theoretical-methodological foundation and the survey of essential secondary data taking into consideration the methods of representation and distribution of the geographic space together with the statistical and geostatistical methods. Thus, we highlight how much agriculture and the State make possible, respectively, through food production and public policies to supply the Brazilian population. However, the hunger is still a problem and we have no estimate for when it will cease be an obstacle for humanity and the PNAE, instituted in 1979, had importante changes in its structure to attend children and teenagers in school. Regarding to the São Luís city, we have theoretically analyzed the multifaceted formof changes in time and space over the years and as an example, it is the urban advance moving more and more towards the rural. From these socio-spatial transformations, we signal to the effects of the reduction of the Ludovicense Rural Zone, where communities and villages are being affected in their productions and may vehemently stop producing their food to sell to PNAE. Finally, the low quantity of communities benefited by the PNAE results from part of the requested food not being produced in agricultural areas, in addition to São Luís not measuring efforts to comply with at least 30% of the products of family farming. In short, the ties and firm arms of the State with big Capital put obstacles that affect the execution of the PNAE and this is clear when we talk about the privileges exercised by the agricultural sector economically

 The Coroadinho appeared in São Luís in the 1970s, when people migrating from other states and regions of Maranhão occupied land on the banks of the Bicas River and settled there housing. This occupation generated a legal dispute over the occupied lands and even with a favorable decision to the residents, did not rid the population of the forgetfulness and absence of the State in this region, because as an occupation initially called "irregular", did not have the attention of the state in public policies aimed at development, and for decades suffered from neglect and forgetfulness, forcing residents to survive in a place with precarious living conditions over more than 30 years. Therefore, this work has as main objective to analyze the issue of development in Coroadinho since its emergence and formation, seeking in history how the social construction of this region occurred and what the real situation today in the face of policies in recent years, in the face of a socio-spatial and economic perspective. The capitalist system will be studied and critically analyzed seeking to clarify its contradictions, as well as the theories of development and its relationship with liberalism and neoliberalism and especially new theories that address human development sustainable beyond economic bias. This work used research of the bibliographic and field type, with qualitative approach and scientific method of Dialectical Historical Materialism.

This paper aims to analyze how struggles and resistance of women in the context of Solidarity Economy, in the Community of Itamatatiua - Alcântara MA and how this new way of making economic economy faced as crises of the world of work and perpetuating itself. It discusses the historical process of insertion of women in the labor market and in the midst of productive restructuring, highlighting gender relations and the sexual division of labor that requires workers to search for alternatives to generate work and income. To develop, also, an approach on the Solidarity Economy in international contexts, in Brazil and Maranhão, more recent in Maranhense Western Baixada brings elements that configure the solidary economy as an alternative of research and generation of work and income in the Itamatatiua community. It centers a discussion from the 1970s, when the new social movements bring political scenes such as women and blacks, who claim not only access to food, but also freedom and autonomy. Given this reality, a central question of this investigation intends to unravel, what are the forms of political and economic organization of women in the community and their process of struggles for the construction of local power? In an attempt to answer this question, we use dialectical historical materialism as a method, followed by a qualitative approach. To this end, some methodological procedures were adopted, such as the use of the Field diary (DC) to record oral histories and sensitive observation, as well as the socio demographic inventory (ISD) and an empirical research with semi-structured interviews (ESE) in Itamatatiua, and photographic record. We also used the bibliographic and documentary survey that gave basis to our first reflections. Our participation in the interventions carried out by the Gender, Sexuality and Family Study Center (NEGESF) in the community through workshops and lectures was adopted as a multimethodological strategy, which articulated quantitative data capable of observing human development from its perspective. Context. Research has shown that women from Itamatatiua break the protocol when they assume political and economic power in the community, because with the changes that occurred in the culture and the world of work they had to reinvent themselves and look for new strategies to develop their work activities with ceramics. . In addition, the problems faced with the transportation of raw materials, access to land tenure and the flow of production demand from women new organizational strategies to claim and fight for their socioeconomic and territorial rights through public policies.

This is a study that presents in its structure aspects related to the use and occupation only of urban areas with a focus on disorderly occupation, semi-permanent delimitation of the areas of permanent preservation of the environment, and semi-studies on the impact that such a production would produce no local environment. A problem situation is configured by: how or use and disorderly occupation of the area of a suburb of the outskirts of the city of Bacabal - Maranhão caused the degradation of the environment and or commitment to areas of permanent preservation of the environment? The objective of the study and analysis of environmental impacts generated by the use of disorderly urban use alone. A methodology of referenced research in this work and an exploratory-descriptive research with qualitative approach. Use or resource of bibliographical research for a theoretical framework construction. Because it is an exploratory-descriptive study, it is not possible to use documentary research as a source of information. At this stage, we search documents and documents obtained together with the Municipal Secretary of Works and Sanitation and the Municipal Secretary of the Environment. With the information obtained from the documentary research, it is confirmed that you are in a situation where you find yourself or a driver, evidencing the environmental impacts caused by the disorderly occupation. It was identified that the initial process of occupancy was carried out by a semi-urban planning with an invasion of the area by means of rural areas in search of a space for residence in the city. There is no zone of space and the occupations of interiors and smaller batches according to the availability of two occupants to monitor the land to prevent other residents from taking account. As a study identified a series of environmental impacts, citing: Assoreamento of existing corregos not surrounding the area; Disappearance of nascent water in the construction of houses and occupy two lots on the area where nascent areas exist; Escavação de poços artesanais sem os devidos critérios de proteção aos lençóis phreatic; Disordered removal of mud and sand are only causing deep escavações; Accumulation of water of chuva, in some cases in areas where there were previously nascent of water or passavam or corregos of water twelve; Utilization of the area for the production of artisanal car with collapsed wood made of cocoa babaçu ainda com a amêndoa; Extração de arvores natives of great size for the construction of two barracks and the dada madeira for carvão da região factories; Use of spaces next to corres for the breeding of animals such as porcos, bode, bovines and keep two juices and cavalos used not transport das carroças, which ended up contaminating the waters of small lakes that exist in the region. Compensatory measures presented for the environmental impacts identified will initially arise at the initiative of environmental preservation entities and groups of residents that will create a partnership for residents of Bairro.

O presente trabalho faz uma relação do processo de modernização dos campos agrícolas a partir de políticas aplicadas pelo Estado sob o discurso de desenvolvimento econômico com as novas configurações produtivistas estabelecidas no campo. Deste modo, verificou-se o processo de constituição das relações entre agricultura e indústria no Brasil, e, especialmente no Maranhão, com ênfase na utilização da agricultura como setor estratégico de desenvolvimento. Neste sentido, analisamos por meio desta pesquisa as implicações do projeto de irrigação Salangô no Município de São Mateus do Maranhão, tendo como enfoque as transformações socioeconômicas ocasionadas nas famílias assentadas na área do perímetro irrigado durante e após sua implantação. Para isso, tomando como suporte a indicação metodológica do Materialismo Histórico Dialético, usamos como estratégias para a efetivação desse trabalho, a análise das ações do Estado na dinâmica de produção agrícola do município, o depoimento dos gestores e agricultores acerca das perspectivas e historicidade do projeto; observação direta da área a fim de apreender a relações existentes entre agricultores e o interesse agroindustrial; análise documental e referencial teórico sobre desenvolvimento, território, agricultura e industrialização. Como resultados, identificamos que as descontinuidades e falta de assistência aos pequenos produtores tanto após a implantação quanto após o projeto de revitalização contribuíram para um processo de apropriação dos lotes destinados aos assentados pelos empresários agrícolas que passaram a se estabelecer no município. Do ponto de vista socioeconômico a área do projeto de irrigação Salangô contribui com uma produção de arroz em torno 30% da produção total do município, contudo para os assentados da área, tal percentual pouco se obteve melhorias nas condições de vida, haja vista que há uma apropriação produtiva por meio dos empresários agrícolas.

The Alcântara Launch Center (CLA), analyzed within the productive restructuring of global capital, through interests outside the Brazilian Space Program (PEB), in particular the US in the quest to retake its hegemony with the "new imperialism", deepens conflicts local communities with their CLA expansion policy, directly affecting the remaining quilombola communities of Alcântara where they are secularly within an "expropriating invisibility" by the "accumulation by dispossession", marking in this way a symbolic violence denominated "Pelourinho Tecnológico" and that requires a resolution of this land conflict to promote territorial development.

This study addresses some changes in the world of work and the consequences for the social worker as a salaried worker and the implications of these changes in the field of Social Assistance. Throughout the study I started from the centrality of the work category as an explanatory form of analysis, which was fundamental for apprehending the configuration of the working conditions in which social workers are located in Paço do Lumiar-MA. It highlights the Social Assistance Policy, an area of greater insertion of the social worker, which with the implementation of SUAS extends the job opportunities for the social worker. It analyzes, in this regard, that despite the expansion of some social facilities such as CRAS and CREAS and, consequently, the insertion of social workers in them, there is a widespread precariousness of the work of the social worker and the conditions in which this work is carried out, which in truths express the dilemmas of a broader social context of dismantling rights historically conquered by the working class. It points out from the field research carried out with the social workers of the CRAS and CREAS of Paço do Lumiar some conclusions, such as: the social worker, as a professional who works with the various expressions of the social issue suffers directly or indirectly with the refutations of the capital, especially with regard to their working conditions and working with Social Policies, among them Social Assistance, which, inserted in the neoliberal program, are deeply cut and shifted from the point of view of the law to a compensatory viewpoint. It also points out that despite the progress of the Social Assistance Policy, mainly in legal terms, based on the Federal Constitution, this current situation has assumed a centrality to address the expressions of the social question as a response to social inequality. It also concludes that the Social Service Political Ethical Project is fundamental to the profession because it guides professional practice in the perspective of the rights of the working class. However, because they have principles that go against the current situation, the social workers of Paço do Lumiar-MA consider that the effectiveness of this in the daily professional is a challenge.

The solid waste management implemented in the municipality of Bacabeira has not adequately addressed the multidimensionality of municipal reality in a globalized world, has little assisted in the necessary transformation of consumption patterns in the local community and has not helped in the environmental conservation of local ecosystems. In this work, we sought to analyze the issues related to solid waste from its generation, driven by unbridled production and consumption, until its final destination. We characterize the situation of waste management in Brazil, Maranhão and Bacabeira. Documentary surveys, surveys of municipal agencies that manage collection and disposal services were conducted, and field surveys were conducted. He noted that the resource resulting from the agreement of the municipality with FUNASA was not well spent, and this was an essential work for the correct functioning of solid waste management in Bacabeira. Finally we seek all information about the human and physical aspects of the municipality. It is concluded that solid waste management should be carried out within the framework of a local public policy, with the participation of the public authorities together with civil society.

That work refers a discussion about characteristics of housing policy brasileira, both in its aspects institutional and execution work. From here, it is made a parallel with advisory technic to construction and reform of housing units to families with income up to three minimum wages (according to law 11.888/2008), that historically is the part of population with bigger housing deficit.

            From here a hitoric and dialectical vision, the search seeks to demonstrate, by means of bibliographic research, the contradictions of a housing policy focused on combating housing deficit that ends up generating more social inequalities and features questionable results as improvement of housing quality of benefited. On the other side, features the advisory technic, using bibliographic and participatory research, as alternative to settle the difficulties presented until then by the notorious housing policy.

            For that, the cases of the Resettlement of Piquiá de Baixo in Açailândia (MA) and the attempt to guarantee the right to housing in Baixão do Lobato in Alcântara (MA) are studied. Through these cases, it is verified that advisory although features as an alternative, it has implementation difficulties, such as public bureaucracy, lack of resources, predominance of the assistance character, and not infrequently, private and business interests contrary to the guarantee of the right to housing. Thus, it can be said that the housing policy as it is known today is far from being overcome by a new policy housing more fair, where the benefited are protagonists in the conquest of their own home.

Faced with continuous urban growth, the lack of efficient environmental planning that includes educational actions, has led to frequent discussions about the necessary changes in the patterns of production, consumption and proper treatment of waste, around the world. In this context, Higher level Education Institutions have the social liability of including Environmental Education into the educational process to build individual attitudes and skills to protect the environment proactively. Following this theme, a case study was conducted following qualitative and quantitative approaches, at the State University of Maranhão. The sample for this research consisted in two groups formed by students and State employees. The sample of the presential courses consisted of 267 undergraduate students and 41 postgraduate students, and the sample of the State employees was composed by 30 teachers and 20 technical-administrative workers. The main objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between integrated solid waste management at the State University of Maranhão (UEMA), in São Luís Campus, and the perception of students and State employees about the environmental education, reflected in the environmentally responsible behavior from these individuals, in this Campus. The qualitative methodological procedures consisted in the further deepening about the environmental management policies of UEMA, and the perception about the main guiding elements of the institutional environmental management policy, from those who work with these issues in the institution. For this, documentary and bibliographic data were collected and grouped and, in parallel, we proceeded with the analysis of contents extracted from semi-structured interviews with five key persons directly involved with the environmental management work in the institution. In the quantitative approach of the research, the surveys of the Ecological Behavior Scale and the Environmental Education Insert Perception Scale were adapted. These scales were selected with the purpose of analyzing students and State employees' perceptions about UEMA's environmental education policies and their sustainable practices, inside and outside the institution. Using statistical calculations, descriptive, sociodemographic and factorial analyzes were performed, allowing a discussion about the individuality between the groups, the establishment of correlations between the constructs and comparisons between the samples. From the outcome of both methodological procedures, we could found that there is a need to strengthen the institution's Environmental Education, improvement of the administrative structure and the results control system of the actions developed. In addition, we could realize that the involvement of students and State employees in the activities promoted by the institution is still very low. The sociodemographic and factorial analyzes of the constructs indicates the divergences of ecological behavior between the samples, revealing, in general, that there is a greater environmental commitment of the State employees, compared to the students.The theoretical contributions of this study lie in the distinction of results, indicating the need to improve the environmental education in universities, causing significant behavioral changes in the relationship between society and the environment.

Abstract:

In capitalism, space has become more of a marketing bias par excellence, and reproduces on a global scale in an unequal way. In this sense, capitalism has in its uneven geographic development its base, materializing at different scales and reflecting class society. Having as an empirical reference at the local scale, more precisely the Ponta d'Areia neighborhood, located in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, there are elements that interact with development, in equality and difference. In this perspective, globalization, capital accumulation, spatial adjustment, consumption, and time are categories that permeate the commodity space, which are expressed through gentrification and socio-spatial segregation, in which the question of housing and the form of consumption illustrate the Ponta d'Areia neighborhood. The present research was based on historical materialism, having as object of study the bibliographical analyzes on the subject and the social agents in question. In this case, the discussions are linked to the development, in the capital (financial-real estate market), in the inequality, in the State, and in the evolution of the Ponta d'Areia neighborhood, which has become one of the most overvalued neighborhoods in the city of São Luís, However, it presents innumerable aggravating factors that make it marked by socio-spatial contrasts, which is reflected in different living standards in the same urban perimeter. Therefore, the Ponta d'Areia neighborhood is currently one of the districts of São Luís that shows more socio-spatial in equality in the forms of consumption and housing, which directly influence the dynamics of space production in the city.

The present work has as its central theme the political and administrative dismemberment of the municipality of São Luís Gonzaga do Maranhão, focusing on the dismemberment process and the main emancipations that have occurred in this territory, from the time of its creation to the present. The complexity of the relationship between city and field is analyzed through political policies of territorial planning using an analytical method the historical and dialectical materialism of Karl Marx. We start from the analysis of official data referring to the historical processes of this municipality and its relation with other frontier municipalities. We also use the approach based on the conceptions of Boaventura Santos. It was verified that the studied area presents significant changes regarding the geographic limits, however, the municipality maintained itself with provincial relations, typical of rural areas. So, it was necessary to reflect on the unfolding of the policies inherent to this municipality and its surroundings. The main objective was to identify the positive and negative aspects in the process of territorial fragmentation related to the area under study. Specifically, we analyze the reality of the 'new' region, describing its history and understanding how the municipality of São Luis Gonzaga do Maranhão, even being a mother municipality, gains status of 'invisibility' over the years. Therefore, reflections on the municipal emancipation process were carried out in Brazil and Maranhão. Initially, a brief historical approach to the process of emancipation of municipalities in Brazil. Next, we discuss the legal institutionalization of emancipations in Brazil, especially in the State of Maranhão, highlighting the causes of fragmentation, notably in the Middle Mearim region. Next, some reasons are presented that lead to the administrative emancipation of the municipalities, mainly the holders of large geographic areas. Finally, the direct and indirect reflexes that the political-administrative emancipations brought to São Luis Gonzaga do Maranhão.

1. We analyze the Policy of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension in Maranhão, by reading the dynamics of the ATER Policy, as a form of State intervention in Agriculture, with the development process under way in the country in the proposed period; Rescuing the role of conservative modernization for smallholder farmers; Characterizing agriculture in Maranhão, until we reached the ATER Policy, with its structuring, disorganization and reorganization of Politics in Brazil and Maranhão. The analysis begins in 1985 and goes until 2006, when, finally, the state government creates the AGERP.

The Bacanga State Park is an important source of drinking water for a relevant part of the population of the state capital of Maranhão. However, urban growth has occurred in this region in a rapid and uncontrolled way. Thus, the objective of this work was to understand how the urban expansion of the capital of the State of Maranhão, has modified the limits of the protected area. In order to achieve this goal, firstly, a context of the urban expansion of the city, of the motivating demographic growth and of the occupations in the Park area was established. The methodology used was a bibliographical survey, on-site visits, direct interviews and the formulation of maps. The results indicated a trend towards an increasing use of the Bacanga State Park space for city growth, with neighborhoods completely inserted within the borders of the protected area, which constitute a flagrant disregard for environmental legislation. Moreover, the research highlighted that there is no effective management of the Conservation Unit by the responsible agency, thus identifying the attempts only gradually diminishes of the park’s territorial limits, in order to exclude neighborhoods that expanded rapidly over the area, as the only form of action in place

The present study has the purpose to analyze the contradictions materialized in the maranhense´s capital, with specific clipping that embrace the districts of  Ponta d’Areia (Peninsula) and Ilhinha, located on the North zone of São Luís, where currently is visible an intense process of production and valorization of the urban space, thus as it reveals the contradictions inherents to such dynamics.       

Public transport is an important means of displacement of the population around the world. Urbanization in the 20th century has aroused interest in transport, and study the problems encountered are not restricted to large cities like New York (USA); Paris (France); and London (England), so that due to the accelerated development of urban agglomerations, infrastructure problems currently hampering the offset. This is because public transportation is the most used by people of various social segments. Have your main function of taking many passengers in a given space with several options of displacement, reducing the use of the automobile, which has little capacity and takes up a lot of the access roads. The State of things in terms of transport infrastructure services is uneven. The search strategies for avoiding capital for investments in public transport. As a result, transportation services are relegated in quality. Public policies are important because they require new productive restructuring, new logical location of urban facilities and public transport more efficient (DRAIBA, 1993). Public transportation is essential to access to employment, health, leisure and to basic services. The extent to which there is a hinterland in the city, require more efficient urban planning. Indeed, the urban spaces are concentrated great lack of services and infrastructure. As regards public policy must walk in the priority objectives is the reduction of shift times, for what we perceive, for the most part, are high rates of home-work shift, leisure, home-shopping and home-study. The proximity of your residence ensures reduction of means of transport (foot, bicycle, car and bus) and the kilometres travelled. Thus, there is a problem I have studies and in accordance with the National Policy of urban mobility (Law 12,587/2012) the present study focuses on urban transport, in particular bus. Public transportation in the island municipalities of maranhão (São Luís, São José de Ribamar, Raposa, Paço do Lumiar) consists of transit bus, road bus, vans, cab, Quad Cab. Thereby, the transit bus is the main vehicle regulated and of fundamental importance on mobility of individuals.

This work aims to analyze the practices of university extension as public policy of education in the UEMA. A survey of national and intra-institutional legislation pertinent to extension practices is presented. The theoretical aspects regarding the extension are shown, and then the theory is related to what has been observed in the norms and practices of the UEMA. The Weberian method was used. The research is of a basic nature, with a qualitative approach, the objectives are exploratory. The technical procedures were the bibliographic, the documentary, field research and a case study. Two on-site visits were also used for observation and data collection with extension project participants. It is understood that extension is an academic activity that aims at the diffusion of academic knowledge, and its interaction with popular knowledge (common sense) to better understand problems and social demands.

Real estate is the largest producer of urban space in Brazilian cities. Not being able to restrict space only to its physical and concrete aspect, the implications of the action of this form of capital result in social conflicts that illuminate the contradictions of the current economic system. The present work seeks to understand the dynamics of real estate capital in the city of São Luís (Maranhão), covering the period from 1889 to 1945 and its relations with economic development at different scales, through a historical-dialectical materialist approach. Bibliographical and documentary sources were used, with predominance for newspapers of local circulation in the studied period and official speeches of representatives and technical staff of the State. The concentrated development of the national productive forces generated situations that have similarities, but with dynamics for the real estate sector in the different regions of the country, implying different forms of housing production and conformation of the sector.

This dissertation presents a reflection and analysis on the development of development projects, as part of an industrial development policy that impacts the communities located in the Itaqui-Bacanga area, in the municipality of São Luís / MA and, in particular, the Community of Cajueiro , a hundred-year-old rural community, which lives mainly from extractivism, agriculture and the raising of small animals. At the moment, it experiences a socio-territorial dispute and a great confrontation on the part of its workers against the installation of a private port in the region by the company WPR . It highlights the various forms of state intervention that seek, in alliance with capital, to ensure the installation of the private port, addresses the various tactics of confrontation that the community, in alliance with social movements, has used to avoid the realization of the installation of the private port and analyzes the current trends of change in the community's way of life in view of the installation of the private port and the struggle for the creation of the Tauá-Mirim Extractive Reserve in the region, one of the demands seen as fundamental to guarantee the regularization of the use and control of the territory, their way of life and the very social reproduction of communities.

O presente trabalho tem como intuito evidenciar quais as implicações do modelo de provisão capitalista (produção por oferta) a efetividade do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida na resolução do déficit habitacional dos segmentos de baixa renda na Ilha do Maranhão. 

The present study aims to present an analysis performed in the area in which the head of Sapo is located as a subsidy to the geopark implantation. The socioeconomic, cultural and geomorphological potentials of the impact crater are discussed. According to UNESCO's definition, a geopark is "a territory of well-defined boundaries with an area large enough to support local socio-economic development." The aforementioned meteorite crater presents these characteristics possessing historical, scientific as well as cultural and educational potential. It can become a space of leisure and knowledge through geotourism. The methodology is based on the assumptions of Geosistemic Theory, which has as main theoreticians Sotchava, Troll, Bertrand and Tricard. The geosystemic approach, according to Bertrand, is a result of the combination of physical, biological and anthropic elements and seeks to understand the landscape variations as a historical product of the flows of matter and energy, encompassing the action of man. Thus, the presented results demonstrate that the research area has great capacity for the development of geotourism activities and potential to host a future geopark.

The dissertation aims to analyze the implications of a housing program conducted by the state government on peasant’s way of live and production in the town of Pequizeiro, Belágua (MA).

Trough a literature review on concepts about peasantry, peasant’s way of life, and history of rural housing policies conducted by the State, a theoretical ground was developed in order to understand the empirical field.

In Pequizeiro, territory’s production was illustrated; how the inhabitants organize themselves in productive activities; how they build and occupy their houses; which knowledge they use in their housing’s constructions.

During the program’s implementation, it was sought to verify how the government agents engaged the beneficiaries in the process, how the community received the new houses, and which values were assigned to them. In conclusion, it has been understood that the beneficiaries associate the masonry house to values such as safety and stability, although they question timorously its dimensions and typology. It was understood also that the new house, build with distinct materials then those that they are used to, may jeopardize the beneficiaries autonomy in the house’s maintenance.

It was concluded that the program has potencial to improve the life quality of its beneficiaries, and the state government is sensitive to adjustments, but still fails in not providing more autonomy in the construction process. As a suggestion, works of technical guidance committed to empower the peasants, in order to guarantee that they can seize the benefits, besides researches about how to qualify current constructive techniques, may be alternative solutions to generate more autonomy and quality in rural housing’s programs.

 Tauá-Mirim RESEX. Conflicts. Industries

Territory. Itaqui Thermoelectric Power Plant. Socio-environmental. Vila Nova Canaã