Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute, highly contagious disease with significant potential for transmissibility and morbidity, which have an impact on production and restrictions on international trade in live animals and by-products. In Brazil, the general guidelines for its prevention include, among other actions, systematic and compulsory vaccination against footand-mouth disease in cattle and buffalo in vaccination-free zones. However, the use of the FMD vaccine can cause reactions such as abscesses at the site of application, which may be related to incorrect administration, contamination at the time of vaccination, and the oily adjuvant in the vaccine itself. In this context, this study aimed to assess possible adverse reactions caused by the application of bivalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in beef and dairy cattle. To this end, a study was carried out with 98 cattle vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease, 48 of which were dairy cattle aged between 3 and 11 years. And 50 beef cattle aged between 18 and 22 months, of which 23 were males and 27 females, with no previous lesions on the neck board. The presence of adverse reactions was observed on day zero before vaccination, 15, 30 and 45 days after vaccination. The evaluation was carried out through direct observation and palpation and, in cases where there was a local vaccine reaction, the nodule was measured using a caliper and/or tape measure. The data obtained from the observations before, during and after vaccination were processed, followed by analysis and interpretation using Pearson's chi-squared test. Of all the cattle evaluated, 20.41 % (20/98) developed a vaccine reaction, characterized by the presence of a nodule at the vaccine application site. In view of the changes observed, there was a significant difference (p>0.05) between the dairy (33%) and beef (8%) animals evaluated in terms of the frequency of nodule formation. It was also observed that 56.25% (9/16) of the dairy animals with abscesses were around 10 years old. And the animals that had abscesses in the first evaluation kept them in the others. No weight loss was observed in the cattle during the evaluation period as a result of possible vaccine reactions. It can therefore be concluded that even with the new bivalent vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease, a local vaccine reaction with nodule formation was observed, but less frequently in the herd.

Maranhão has strong potential for fish farming and the support from the government, universities, researchers and producers for this productive activity has converged towards consolidating the State as one of the main producers of farmed fish in the Northeast region. Large amounts of waste are generated from fishing activities and fish processing, and with a view to reducing the environmental impacts caused by their incorrect disposal, the full use of fish is encouraged, such as skin tanning. In this context, the objective of the study was to produce “ecological leather” from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (LINNAEUS, 1758) using sustainable material available in the biodiversity of Maranhão. To this end, the study was divided into three stages: (i) bibliographical survey on the topic under study; (ii) tanning 10 kilos of tilapia skins using shells of the tanning species Schinus terebinthifolius (mastic tree) as a source of tanning agent, pericarp of Attalea speciosa (babaçu) as the source of the acidifier and, Carica papaya (papaya) leaf as source of proteolytic enzyme (papain). Tanning was carried out in three phases: (1) riverside – washing, soaking, liming, stripping, purging and degreasing; (2) tanning – pickling and tanning; and, (3) finishing – neutralization, retanning, greasing, drying and softening; and, (iii) preparation of two guides with ISBN: volume 1 - Integumentary System in Fish; and, volume 2 - Fish Skin Tanning – Transformation of Skin into Leather. As a result, the leather produced after the tanning process was preserved from autolytic processes and microbial contamination, with a reddish-brown color typical of mastic extract, a firm texture, but some dryness and excess oil on its surfaces. It is concluded that the proposed Nile tilapia skin tanning is easy to execute, low cost and its production flowchart, with the use of homemade and accessible products, allows the replication of the process in communities, including fishing and aquaculture communities, the which converges to increase income for many families. In the state of Maranhão, it would be a technology for promising use in fish production centers such as Baixada Oeste, Baixada Oriental, Southern Region (or Gerais de Balsas) and Tocantina Region. Finally, with the proposed methodology and the guidance guides produced (illustrated and in accessible language), it is inferred that the dissertation is in line with the mission of universities to produce and disseminate intramural and extramural knowledge. And, also, with extensionist principles - dialogical interaction, interdisciplinarity, inseparability between teaching-research-extension, impact on student training and social transformation.

To control the quality of the milk, analyzes are carried out by sampling, using laboratory methods that demand time, are sometimes costly and, in certain situations, use dangerous/toxic reagents. Official routine analytical and fraud detection methods may not be fully effective in diagnosing milk irregularities, requiring additional analysis. In this sense, the main objective of the work was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to detect adulteration in raw milk by adding water and as a secondary objective, to compare official methodologies and ultrasound spectroscopy for the evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics of milk . For this, 125 samples of raw milk were used. Of these, 25 were collected in borosilicate glass bottles with a capacity of one liter to carry out the official methods (OM) and compare them with ultrasound spectroscopy (US) for the determination of fat and protein contents, density, cryoscopic index, solids total (ST) and non-fat solids (SNG). The remaining 100 samples were placed in Falcon-type tubes with a capacity of 200 mL and used to prepare the RNA, with adulteration of 20% (n=20) of these samples by adding increasing percentages of distilled water (1%, 5%, 10% and 20%), which resulted in 80 adulterated samples and 80 unadulterated samples, evaluated solely by ultrasound spectroscopy. For the development of the ANN architecture, the 160 milk samples were randomly distributed into three subgroups: (i) training (60%); (ii) validation (20%); and, (iii) test (20%). The values of the variables were normalized between 0 and 1. To determine the ANN configuration, the SNN® software was used and the Radial-Basis Function (RBF) and Multilayer perceptron (MLP) ANNs were tested. As a result of the study, the average densities and average protein contents determined by US and MO did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). The mean fat contents and the mean values of the cryoscopic index, ST and SNG, obtained by US and MO were different (P = 0.026, P = 0.040, P < 0.001, P = 0.014, respectively), the correlations obtained in the analysis of these parameters were positive (R = 0.470, R = 0.118, R = 0.087 and R = 0.315, respectively) and the accuracies of the methods were 0.180, 0.058, 0.155 and 0.075, respectively. For the classification of milk samples, the best network was the one that presented the lowest number of classification errors, the lowest difference between the classification errors in the subgroups (training, validation and testing), and the lowest number of neurons in the hidden layer. The best classification network was the RBF neural network that presented 10 neurons in the input layer, 40 neurons in the hidden layer and two in the output layer, resulting in 95.37% of adulterated samples classified correctly. It is concluded that US is a fast technique and the results obtained are correlated with those of the official analyses. The ANNs have great potential to be used as a tool for evaluating adulterations of milk with the addition of water. Therefore, the development of automatic, non-invasive, low-cost and intelligent systems could play a decisive role in the diagnosis of food fraud and in decision-making regarding the judgment and destination of adulterated products. But, for the reliability of the results, it is necessary balanced and sufficient data for training the model to be tested.

The objective was to carry out integrative approaches with a focus on health education actions as a way of subsidizing knowledge about microbiological risk and water preservation in a municipality in Maranhão with a low human development index. For this, the study was carried out with the application of semi-structured questionnaires to 136 students and seven managers, educational lectures on the importance of water quality and microbiological analysis of 47 water samples from 11 schools. To quantify the most likely number of total coliforms and Escherichia coli, the enzymatic chromogenic system was used and positive samples for E. coli were isolated and the isolates stained and phenotypic identified, followed by the characterization of diarrheagenic strains by reaction in polymerase chain (PCR). With the questionnaires applied to the managers and, through in locu observations, the risk factors for the occurrence of E. coli in the sampled schools were determined, using the non-parametric chi-square test (χ2). The results of this study show that managers and students have little or no knowledge about the microbiological quality of water and that minimal care is taken with this resource in the school environment. In the lectures held, aspects of “micro-organisms”, “the importance of water as a carrier of pathogenic agents” and “the meaning of the water potability standard” in force in Brazil were addressed, in which there was the effective participation of students and managers, socializing the importance in decision-making. Of the analyzed water samples, 97.88% (n=46) and 76.59% (n=36) were in disagreement with the Brazilian potability standard for total coliforms and E. coli, respectively. In 81.81% (n=9/11) of the schools, E. coli were quantified in at least one or all of the analyzed samples. Univariate analysis revealed that the variables “type of reservoir”, “responsible for the cleaning process” and “no method or equipment for water treatment” showed a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) with the occurrence of E. coli in the evaluated schools. Although the “supply system” and “existence of a source of cultivation and/or animal breeding” were not statistically significant in this study, they showed an odds ratio above 1.0 and, therefore, should be considered in the study of risk factors. risk. Virulence genes characteristic of enterotoxigenic E. coli and Shiga toxin producing E. coli were detected. Of the pathotypes obtained, 8.78% (n=5/57) corresponded to est + stx1 gene combinations. It is concluded that there is a potential risk of water transmission of E. coli in the evaluated municipal schools since, in addition to the water being contaminated, it harbors strains with pathogenic potential to cause diarrheal infection in its users. The risk is aggravated by involving the direct ingestion of children and adolescents, who are more vulnerable. It is necessary for school management to promote frequent monitoring of the hygiene and microbiological quality of the supply source and water reservoirs, in addition to the rapid adoption of preventive and corrective measures that permeate water treatment, periodic cleaning and conservation of reservoirs with the involvement of the entire school community. The teaching strategy used is suitable as an educational subsidy as it provides moments of interaction, concentration and socialization and, to work on the cross-cutting theme of health, in the perspective required by the current educational guidelines.

The modernization of Brazilian agriculture implemented in the 1970s prioritized large-scale production, neglecting the importance of family farmers. Only since the 1990s, mainly as a result of pressure and struggles from social movements and institutional changes, family farming began to integrate several public policies aimed at the category as an alternative for socially and economically inclusive and sustainable development. In this new scenario, the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) was created, aimed at the institutional commercialization of products from family agricultural production. In this context, the objective was to develop marketing strategies for fish from family aquaculture in the municipality of Itapecuru-Mirim for institutional markets with a view to guaranteeing sustainable development. To this end, the study was divided into six stages: (i) documentary bibliographic research; (ii) interviews to assess family fish farmers’ perception of the PAA and its results; (iii) assessment of the productive organization of family aquaculture farmers; (iv) technological innovation; (v) food and nutritional security; (vi) and, promotion of public policies. For the documentary bibliographic research, reports from the Municipal Department of Agriculture of Itapecuru Mirim - MA were accessed, referring to the years 2010 to 2020. The data evaluated were: [modality of PAA in the municipality, producer centers and farmers supplying the PAA (quantity, gender of farmers and activity performed), food produced, production in kilos and institutions benefited]. To understand fish farmers' perception of the PAA and its results, 84 family farmers from 10 rural production centers that participated in the PAA were interviewed using a questionnaire composed of seven dimensions (income, housing, production, food security, political organization, migration and obstacles), from which indicators were created to “measure” them. The productive organization (third stage of the study) occurred through the mobilization of family fish farmers, execution of training and consultancy in enterprise management in which the conceptual and applied bases of “associativism and rural cooperativism were worked on, as a stimulus for collective organizations in the field” in the form of an Open and Massive Online course and an E-book. In the fourth and fifth stages, the generic plan of a family agribusiness was presented to the Municipality's Agriculture Department as a way of enabling the implementation of a fish and fish products processing unit to obtain chilled whole fish, steaks and fillets. In the sixth stage of the work, meetings were held with the Municipality's Departments of Education, Health and Agriculture to raise awareness among managers about the importance of purchasing products to be prepared by family fish farmers. With the survey carried out, 21 production centers located in the rural area of the Municipality were quantified, formed by women, agrarian reform settlers, quilombolas, fishermen, aquaculturists and family farmers. Of the 538 family farmers who were members of the PAA over the 11 years of the survey, 505 were female and 33 were male. There was a predominance of products of plant origin (fresh and processed) in the Program, with a total production of 1,456,233 kilos of food, movement of the local economy with the allocation of R$ 5,130,076.25 and the direct processing of six registered social assistance entities that received and passed on food to families in situations of food vulnerability who began to have an increase in their daily diet. The interviews made it possible to demonstrate, based on the interviewees' perception, that the PAA provided benefits to family fish farmers in the seven dimensions researched. Obstacles to its operationalization, such as delays in paying for purchases, can be resolved by adapting the Program to its local context, without compromising the operationalization of this social policy in the evaluated Municipality. It is concluded that the PAA constitutes a driving public policy for the inclusion of Itapecuruense farmers in the institutional market, as the Program contributes to the insertion and guarantee of a market for family farming products through institutional purchases. Furthermore, the PAA in Itapecuru -MA acts positively on the following fronts: food security for individuals in vulnerable situations; improving quality of life; increased income, greater variety, quantity and quality of food produced; appreciation of local eating habits and short marketing circuits; and, encouraging people to stay in rural areas. In general, the PAA favors, in the Municipality, the recognition of family farmers as a social category and agricultural producer

The lack of human resources with specific training to carry out the implementation procedures of the Municipal Inspection Service – SIM contributes to the low insertion of animal protein from family farming in formal markets, showing the increasing need for support from public authorities so that public policies achieve the desired result. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the obstacles and propose alternatives for the implementation of the Municipal Inspection Service (SIM) in municipalities in Maranhão, focusing on the challenges, operationalization, maintenance and access to markets. To this end, the study construction process was divided into three stages, starting with the situational survey of the SIM in the state of Maranhão, followed by the identification of the perception of the executors and managers of policies/programs for the commercialization of family farming products on the main obstacles that impede the implementation, operationalization and maintenance of the SIM and ending with the preparation of a Technical Manual entitled “Removing bureaucracy from SIM Implementation: manual for managers and technicians”. In the first stage of the study, a retrospective documentary bibliographical research was carried out, through consultation of reports and databases, electronic and physical from the State Agency for Agricultural Defense of Maranhão, referring to the years 2012 to 2021. In the second stage, it was applied a semi-structured questionnaire for 44 managers/executors of policies to support the commercialization of family farming products, in which the variables analyzed were divided into two blocks of questions: (i) characteristics and functions of managers/executors of policies/programs; and, (ii) level of knowledge about SIM, ending with the main difficulties in inserting animal protein in institutional markets. To prepare the manual, which constituted the third stage of the work, a bibliographic survey was carried out on the topic and using simple language, the content of the e-Book was organized into six modules, aiming to clarify the main doubts of the actors involved , identified during the work. The results obtained show that: i) SIM is absent in most municipalities in Maranhão and in those that are present, its fragility can be seen, which can compromise the quality of animal protein inserted in institutional markets; ii) There is a need for public policies for its implementation, accompanied by greater attention from the state public authorities so that, together with market access policies, they can boost the economy of the municipalities of Maranhão; iii) The implementation of these policies and programs is still institutionally individualized, which, combined with the interviewees' little knowledge about food regulatory policies, can be included in the obstacles to the insertion of animal protein in the Maranhão institutional market. It is concluded that the technical product generated, due to its didactic and guiding nature, can increase the number of municipalities with the SIM implemented and, consequently, contribute significantly to public policies to strengthen family farming, food security and sustainable local development. can have a transformative effect on the quality of life of families and the environment in which they live.

In tropical and subtropical regions among these a group of bloodstream parasites, hemoparasites, protozoa mainly transmitted by ticks, are widely distributed in the world and can affect several species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Many are presented by the growing importance as zoonosis, and / or cause economic losses to domestic production animals, especially in sheep (Ovis aries). Specifically in small ruminants, 03 (three) species have been widely detected: Babesia ovis, Babesia motasi and Babesia crassa, B. ovis being considered the most pathogenic of the group, especially for sheep, since it can lead to the death of several individuals. In the state of Maranhão, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 132 apparently healthy adult sheep from small properties in the municipality of São Luis, in the rural area of São José de Ribamar and Panaquatira. Thus, the present work aimed to detect and identify Babesia spp, Anaplasma spp and Mycoplasma spp, in sheep from São Luís Maranhão Island, through direct microscopy and molecular assays by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) . The collected material was submitted to direct microscopic and molecular  diagnostic methods, through the Polymerase Chain Reaction of the conserved 18S rRNA gene. Thus, no suggestive forms of Babesia spp and Anaplasma spp were found in any of the 132 blood smear slides analyzed, in the case of serological diagnosis by the iELISA technique, the respective hemoparasites were also negative. The sequencing of the positive samples confirmed the identity of 98.97% with Mycoplasma ovis sequences from sheep. This is the first report of molecular evidence of the presence of infection by the zoonotic hemoplasma M. ovis in sheep from São Luís Island, Maranhão, also indicating the relevance of including this agent as a differential diagnosis in sheep from this island that present hemolytic disorders. results for Mycooplasma spp using with the 16S r RNA gene of the 132 sheep DNA samples, 32 (thirty-two) were positive.

Brazil occupies a prominent position in the world agribusiness, supported by low production costs and the improvement in zootechnical indices. Currently, the country is the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork in the world, behind only China, the European Union and the United States, with more than 80% of its production destined for the domestic consumer market. In this context, Swine Enzootic Pneumonia (PES), whose main causative agent is the bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is reported as the main cause of respiratory problems in swine, and its occurrence makes the host susceptible to secondary bacterial and viral agents, such as circovirus swine type 2 (PCV-2). In the northeast region, there are few studies that performed the diagnosis of ESP or circovirus in swine. In the state of Maranhão, there are no published works of this nature, which justifies the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these diseases that contribute to the definition of more effective control measures, which consequently lead to the reduction of the economic impact generated in the swine production systems. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Swine Circovirus Type 2 in swine submitted to slaughter in slaughterhouses and fairs on São Luís Island - MA, using molecular and histopathological diagnostic methods. For this, 150 lung samples from swine were collected from slaughterhouses and street markets on the island of São Luís, Maranhão, from July 2019 to August 2021. Being random sampling, 65 from a municipal slaughterhouse (1 single slaughterhouse) and 85 from fairs (5 different fairs) whose origin was clandestine slaughter. Of the 150 DNA samples collected, 121 showed an amplified product for Cyt B in the PCR assay. Thus, 121/150 samples were analyzed for M. hyopneumoniae by qPCR, of which 44 were positive for this bacterium, thus representing a percentage of 36.36%. The average amount of bacterial load ranged from 1.20 x 101 to 7.20 x 104 between samples, with an average of 1.73 x 104 copies. Of the reagent samples, 81.81% (36 samples) come from clandestine slaughter, sold at open markets, while 18.18% (8 samples) come from the slaughterhouse. In the histopathological analysis, 29 qPCR positive samples were evaluated, of which 22 (75.86%) presented findings consistent with the main inflammatory process associated with the presence of M. hyopneumoniae, BALT hyperplasia. The microscopic findings associated with the quantifications found in the current study, evidence that there is a positive parallelism between the quantification of the pathological agent and the presence of microscopic lesion, demonstrating that the greater bacterial load in the lung tissue is associated with the greater histopathological staining for BALT hyperplasia, since the 3 samples with the highest bacterial load (qPCR: 5.63 x 10³, 2.19 x 104 and 7.23 x 104) were the ones that most evidenced this finding.

Fish are susceptible to the action of environmental stressors (chemical, physical and biological) that can have negative effects on this class of vertebrates. In these animals, some organs can be affected, such as the gills and the liver, and histology is an important tool for the evaluation of the impacts caused in these organs. Therefore, the aim of the study was to monitor the health of two species of neotropical fish in a lake area in Maranhão with the use of histological biomarkers. For this, 42 specimens of adult fish were captured, 21 of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and 21 of Cichlasoma bimaculatum, which were transported alive in source water to the laboratory for euthanasia, removal of gill and liver fragments and subsequent histological analysis in the Multiuser Laboratory. Graduate Program (LAMP) at UEMA. Right after, the organ fragments were submitted to histological processing steps and, finally, stained with hematoxylin - eosin (HE). Branchial and hepatic histological alterations were evaluated in a semi-quantitative mode, by calculating the histological alteration index (AHI), based on the severity of each lesion, as follows: (i) stage I alterations - they do not compromise organ function; (ii) stage II - more severe injuries that impair the normal functioning of the organs; and, (iii) stage III - very severe and irreversible injuries. The results were presented together for the two species in which it was found that the most frequent gill alterations were complete (85.71 %) and incomplete (85.71 %) fusion of several lamellae, lifting of the epithelium (80.95% ), blood vessel congestion (76.19 %), lamellar disorganization (76.19 %) and lamellar epithelium hyperplasia (76.19 %), all stage I. Stage II alterations (hemorrhage and rupture of the lamellar epithelium , mucus cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, chlorine cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, complete fusion of all lamellae, uncontrolled proliferative tissue thickening, pillar cell disruption) and III (cell necrosis and degeneration and, lamellar aneurysm) were also observed, but less frequently. The most frequent hepatic alterations were vacuolization (90.47 %), melanomacrophage center (78.57 %), cell contour deformation (66.67 %) and nucleus in the cell periphery (52.38 %), stage alterations I and hyperemia (45.24 %) and cytoplasmic degeneration (40.48 %), stage II alterations. In a lower percentage, necrosis (9.52 %), stage III alteration was also observed. It is concluded that the two species of neotropical fish evaluated had their sanity compromised, which may be the result of interactions with stressors of different natures, including irreversible injuries that were possibly compromising the functioning of the evaluated organs.

Mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland, usually caused by bacteria. This disease promotes the reduction of milk production and obtaining poor quality milk, generating great economic losses for the producer, in addition to representing a danger to the health of consumers who may be able to consume contaminated milk. In order for mastitis losses to be reduced for producers and for an improvement in the quality of the milk produced, it is necessary to implement good agricultural and milking practices, as well as diagnosis, control and treatment of mastitis. The objective of this work was toto propose a program for quality control and enhancement in milk production processes in small dairy farms in the municipality of Pedro do Rosário - MA, to contribute to improving milk production and quality, increasing the municipality's MHDI and incorporating small producers into the milk production chain in the state of Maranhão through the adoption of good practices. Visits were made to three rural properties and questionnaires were applied on management, structure, production and health.Small milk producers were found, without technical assistance, with a lack of knowledge about mastitis as well as poor milking and handling practices. With this, educational materials were produced to be taken to the producers on good agricultural practices and good milking practices and on mastitis, with information that helps the producer to implement the good practices and mastitis control in his milking routine.

The use of technology to monitor diseases is a tool that favors greater multiprofessional interaction between users. It is a technology marked by a continuous flow permeated by the constant exchange of information between the agents involved in the process. This capacity was made possible by the advent of smartphone applications (Apps), which, among several characteristics, stand out for their easy use and greater access to information by users, as they can strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of diseases in the bee sector. The work sought to develop a mobile application, aimed at smartphones that allow beekeepers and professionals to participate in surveillance applied to bees, treated as a result of encouraging disease notification, as well as strengthening surveillance and learning. As a result, VIBEE was created, with an uncomplicated proposal regarding the functionalities made available to the user. It consists of a register and apiary map, disease diagnosis, epidemiological information, link notification and a gallery for the recognition of bee diseases. Thus, the application proves to be an effective technological tool to encourage the habit of passive surveillance and notification, in addition to contributing to the more dynamic composition of the epidemiological scenario of bee disease cases in the state.

The objective of this work is to produce a manual with general recommendations on the creation of horses, respecting the five freedoms of animal welfare and applying them to the particularities required of a military police horse. The recommendations set out in this manual are based on scientific work, research and literature reviews directed to these animals. Regardless of the function that the animal performs, be it reproduction, sport or leisure, the basic needs of food and health management are the same and must be treated with great responsibility by the caregivers. Although there is some literature available on the use and management of horses in the Brazilian Army, there is no single and referenced legislation for the military police, and each institution is responsible for regulating its standards, most of the times based solely on the Standards for the Control of Horses of the Army (NORCE), which do not consider the needs and particularities inherent to the routines of the state police. Currently there is no standardization or recommendations on how these animals should be raised. It is important to study and understand the particularities of breeding and work carried out by military horses, as they result in a great impact on the quality of life and performance of the troop during daily missions. From this product, the importance of understanding the species and how to offer good conditions through correct handling and daily care is highlighted, guaranteeing horses the possibility of expressing their natural behavior, thus increasing their yield during service and their useful life in the unit it serves.

A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a ocorrência de doenças vesiculares no Brasil e notificadas no estado do Piauí no período de 2006 a 2020, com a finalidade de melhorar o planejamento e monitoramento que auxiliem no fortalecimento de medidas preventivas e tomada de decisões adequadas que minimize os riscos de reintrodução e identificação precoce das doenças vesiculares, principalmente, o vírus da febre aftosa no estado do Piauí. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por dados de notificações de doenças vesiculares e outras síndromes de todo o Brasil fornecido pelo Departamento de Saúde Animal do Ministério da Agricultura em Brasília. Foram encontrados 7.327 casos de notificações de enfermidades vesiculares no Brasil, sendo 1.598 casos de doenças confundíveis com a febre aftosa e 319 casos de enfermidades vesiculares clássicas. O maior número de notificações é da Região sul do Brasil. No país há uma predominância da estomatite vesicular com 69,28% dos casos confirmados que ocorrem na maioria das vezes na Região Nordeste e em segundo lugar o Senecavírus com 17,24% das notificações com a maioria das ocorrências na Região Sul. Em terceira colocação a febre aftosa com 13,48% com o último registro em 2007. No estado do Piauí a síndrome vesicular aparece em terceiro lugar com 14,85% das notificações no estado. De 2006 a 2020 a Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Piauí – ADAPI recebeu 45 notificações de suspeitas de doenças vesiculares e 21 foram confirmadas como doenças confundíveis com febre aftosa e apenas 06 foram confirmadas laboratorialmente como doenças vesiculares clássicas, Estomatite Vesicular – EV com o vírus Indiana. Das 41 Unidades de Sanidade Animal e Vegetal – USAV da ADAPI, somente 21 apresentaram notificações. Dos 224 municípios do Piauí, 34 notificaram. Das notificações apresentadas 75,56% envolvem a espécie bovina, 57,78% das notificações são realizadas pelo proprietário dos animais. O tempo de ação para realizar a notificação é de 13,79 dias, o tempo de reação é estimado em 12 horas e o intervalo entre a primeira visita e a coleta do material é de 2,67 dias. Há necessidade investimento na infraestrutura do serviço veterinário oficial do Piauí, nas ações de educação e comunicação em saúde animal e, principalmente, correções das deficiências quanto à vigilância das doenças vesiculares, considerando o tempo para atendimento das notificações e coleta de material para exame laboratorial, já que a demora no atendimento poderá comprometer o serviço e acarretar em uma disseminação de difícil controle da febre aftosa e outras doenças vesiculares

Family farming is an important food supplier for the domestic market and guarantees a good
part of the food security of Brazilians. Data from official bodies in Brazil prove the significant
participation of family farming in the supply of raw materials such as fruits, vegetables,
grains, manioc, eggs, meat, milk and honey. However, despite the unquestionable importance
of this activity, family farmers face many difficulties, including access to markets and
obtaining fair prices for production, which allows their capitalization, expansion of
production, improvement of productivity and the possibility of fixing new generations in the
field. Thus, due to the relevance of the theme, the study was carried out with the objective of
elaborating a strategy to strengthen the agro-industrialization of free-range chicken, honey
and fish in the state of Maranhão through the socioeconomic characterization of family
farmers and the elaboration of simplified profiles of standard low plants. In order to advance
the proposed objective, the study was carried out in two stages: (i) documentary research for
the socioeconomic characterization of family farmers through information gathering at the
state's agricultural defense agency; and, (ii) elaboration of a simplified profile of three
individual floor plans for the agro-industrialization of free-range chicken, honey and fish
following the rules of engineering and the safe production of food, through a multidisciplinary
team. The socioeconomic characterization of the target audience made it possible to obtain
unprecedented information, such as: (i) predominance of the male gender in productive
activities; (ii) most family farmers have low schooling; (iii) family income does not, in most
cases, exceed two salaries; and, (iv) free-range poultry and fish farming are the main source
of income for most of the families under analysis. With the plants of the free-range chicken
slaughterhouse, the extraction and processing unit for bee products and the processing unit for
fish and fish products, it is possible to generate a picture of the local development of families
with the agro-industrialization of free-range chicken, honey and fish, respectively, which will
revert into income, in addition to contributing to the regional and economic development of
the state, pillars of family farming. With the proposed strategy, it is expected that this will
result in positive changes in the socioeconomic profile of family farmers.

The objective of this work was to know the spatial distribution of Equine Infectious
Anemia in Maranhão State. Data from Process Control of the State Agency of
Agricultural Defense of the State of Maranhão were used with the results of Equine
Infectious Anemia examinations for animal traffic purposes from 2008 to 2018. The
data of 6,916 requisition forms were analyzed. Positive for equine infectious anemia.
Univariate analysis for EIA was applied using the chi-square test for age, sex and
species. 5913 (2.97%) horses, 92 (0.28%) donkeys and 911 (0.9%) mules were
considered positive. significant association was found between positive for EIA (p
<0.0001) and equine species. Regarding age, the positive equidae are distributed as
follows: 26.4% (1832) animals up to four years old, 59.2% (4095) between five and
10 years old and 14.3% (989) over 10 years old years, with no significant association
between age and EIA cases (p = 0.9583). Regarding sex female showed (52.31%)
and males (47.69%), not having a significant association (p = 0.9972), it can be said
that the disease affects males and females in the same proportions. The overall
spatial distribution of animals positive for equine infectious anemia state of the city
was held by the QGIS version 2.18. In all state meso positive animals were identified,
however North Maranhense showed higher frequency (3.01%). It was concluded that
the disease is endemic in Maranhão.

Brazil has the largest herd of horses in Latin America. The estimate is 5,501,872 head, of which 220,220 equidae are in the State of Maranhão. The market for the national equine, and mainly the Maranhão, is in visible expansion, constituting an important agribusiness chain, closely related to the sectors linked to leisure, culture and tourism. To strengthen this agricultural complex of equidae and protect the health of the population, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply created the National Equine Health Program that regulates and provides the guidelines for control of Equine Infectious Anemia and Glanders, diseases that affect the horses, mules and donkey, being Glanders also a zoonosis. Thus, conducting of examinations for diagnosis of these diseases follow procedures that must be developed in accordance with the established legislation. Blood samples must be collected by veterinarian and only should only be received by the laboratory together with the specific request form. The aim of this study was to develop a requisition management and automation system applied to the National Equine Health Program. Software was created set on the Microsoft Windows platform. The system proved to be a useful tool, facilitating the task of completing the requisition of exams, providing greater agility and quality of the information, besides creating a database for the requester, which allows to generate reports of crops conducted in a certain period.

Protozoa of the Applied Phylum as Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are of great zoonotic importance. Scientific research shows that the oocysts of these two protozoa are eliminated in the faeces of wild and domestic animals and contaminate aquatic environments as a result of sewage and rainwater runoff. The most common form of infection for both protozoonoses is the oral route by ingestion of water or food contaminated with parasites oocysts present in the environment. In this context, the objective of the study was to research protozoa of the Apicomplexa Phylum in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) in cultivation and natural stock in the state of Maranhão. For the study, 200 oysters from Raposa and 100 from Paço do Lumiar were acquired. besides 100 oysters extracted from natural stock of the municipality of Primeira Cruz. From the total of 400 sampled oysters, 80 pools were formed in which each pool consisted of five animals. From each oyster was removed the gills and visceral mass, with the formation of sample groups of gills and visceral mass, each consisting of 80 pools. Afterwards, DNA was extracted from each oyster pool using a commercial kit. Subsequently, DNA detection of Cryptosporidium spp. nested-PCR (SHP1, SHP2, SHP3 and SSU-R3 primers) and T. gondii using the semi-nested-PCR (SAG-1 primer) technique. With the technique used, the DNA of Cryptosporidium spp. in 2.5% (n = 2/80) oyster pools, with 1.25% pools (n = 1/80) from cultivation and the other 1.25% (n = 1/80) from natural stock. For T. gondii 2.5% (n = 2/80) of positive pools from culture only samples were detected. With the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that oysters of the genus Crassostrea sp. cutivadas and extracted from natural bank in Maranhão state are able to filter and maintain in their tissues the protozoan oocysts of the Apicomplexa Phylum, such as Cryptosporidium spp. and T. gondii reverting to potential sources of contamination for humans and other animals.

The partial condemnation of carcasses by abscesses formed by vaccines and / or medicines is
one of the main economic losses of the refrigeration industry. The aim of the present study was
to identify post-vaccine and / or drug lesions in bovine carcasses, regardless of age, race and
gender, as well as quantify the losses resulting from the muscular removal of the affected areas
from animals slaughtered in a slaughterhouse with service (SIE) of the Lençóis Maranhenses
microregion. Data were collected over a period of nine months (May / 2018 to January / 2019)
in a sample number of 3045 animals. After slaughter, the carcasses were evaluated and later
excised and weighed. The results evidenced diversification of the size and shape of the
abscesses, with distribution mainly in the front carcass in areas of the chest, neck, acem and
termite. The total percentage of carcasses with lesions was 71.6%, with muscular discard of
approximately 0.960kg. The financial loss was in the order of R $ 19,831.08 during the period
studied, with a monthly average of R $ 2,203.45 (according to the @ of the bull in the period).
It is concluded that the lesions of bovine carcasses caused by inadequate conducts in the vaccine
and / or drug applications cause economic losses to the producers and that preventive actions of
technical orientation are necessary to minimize the effect of this injury

In Codó, as in most of the state and in the country, milk, especially in small farms, is obtained
under poor hygienic conditions, with little technology and poor sanitary control of the animals.
This causes significant economic losses for the region's dairy farming. This study aimed to
characterize the milk production chain and to study the health of the dairy herd in Codó, Maranhão.
To this end, checklists were applied during farm visits, and 295 dairy cows from 20 farms
supplying milk to the Codó Milk Producers Association were examined. Dark bottom mug and
California Mastitis Test (CMT) tests were performed on dairy cows at different stages of lactation
to detect cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis. The raw milk was submitted to microbiological
analysis and to determine the most probable number of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms
and Escherichia coli, as well as to investigate the presence of positive coagulase Salmonella sp
and Staphylococcus. Samples of the water used for milking were also analyzed by the Colilert®
rapid method to search for total coliforms and Escherichia coli, and by the SimPlate® method the
mesophilic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria count was performed. In order to detect Brucella sp
antibodies in the dairy herd, blood samples were collected from lactating cows from each farm for
a total of 102 milking cows. Serum samples were sent to accredited laboratory and subjected to
the (Buffered Acid Antigen) screening test. During the visits, the animal keepers were advised on
good hygiene practices in obtaining milk. The study showed that the milkers did not have adequate
knowledge about the correct operation and maintenance of the milking and refrigeration
equipment, thus hindering the process of use and cleaning of these equipments and the milkers
themselves. Most producers (60%) are milking animals in covered pens and the rest are exposed
to rain that can lead to contamination of the mammary gland. 60% of the properties under study
are pre-milking, milking and post-milking on dirt floors. Water supplied in 35% of the properties
is from wells and 65% from dams. It was observed that in these properties the dark bottom mug,
CMT, pre-diping and post-diping tests were not performed. No case of clinical mastitis was
diagnosed, only two cows were diagnosed, one in each property with subclinical mastitis. In the
analysis of total and thermotolerant coliforms, all the samples analyzed presented values above 4
MPN / ml, not in accordance with the standards recommended by current legislation. The results
obtained for positive coagulase Staphylococcus were not satisfactory, since in some samples the
presence of this microorganism was detected. For the Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp research
the results were satisfactory due to the absence of both pathogens in the raw milk samples analyzed
in Codó - MA. Only one brucellosis positive cow was diagnosed in only one property. The results
obtained in this research allowed us to conclude that the high degree of nonconformities related to
good milk production practices reinforces the need to implement Good Agricultural Practices in
rural properties of Codó municipality for the purpose of obtaining milk according to the standards
of quality, loss prevention and sustainability of the region's dairy activity.

Bovine Tuberculosis - TB is a chronic and infectious zoonosis of great economic and public health impact caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Defining their epidemiological characteristics are fundamental for control and eradication measures. Thus, this research aimed to investigate Mycobacterium bovis in lesions suggestive of animals destined to slaughter in six slaughterhouses, under different types of inspection in different regions of Maranhão, besides observing the procedures adopted by the Animal Inspection against TB occurrences. 158,290 bovines were slaughtered, of which 363 presented suggestive lesions after detailed postmortem inspection, only one adult female presented clinical alterations in ante-mortem evaluation. Lymph node, lung and liver fragments were collected and submitted to histopathological (HE) and bacteriological tests with Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Histopathological diagnosis revealed granulomatous inflammatory processes, necrotizing lesions, presence of multinucleated giant cells (Langhans type) in all samples. Bacilloscopic allowed the observation of Bacillus Acid Resistant Bacillus (BAAR) in 68 (19,280%) of the samples, which were found to be free, isolated and in necrosis area. It was observed that multiple factors such as internal trade in slaughterhouses, excessive slaughtering hours and lack of physical structure compromise the work of identifying the suggestive lesions by the inspectors and their auxiliaries, causing underreporting of the disease. We can conclude from this research that Bovine Tuberculosis is widespread in Maranhão herds, that animal inspection within slaughterhouses is insufficient, requiring regimented emergency measures, such as the implementation of laboratory tests complementary to sanitary decisions. These examinations will complement the field diagnoses carried out by Animal Defense as well as make the establishments true units of epidemiological information preserving public health.

In the face of the need for increasingly focused public policies to strengthen family farming,
and the need to produce and provide safe food is offered to the population, the tendency
towards verticalization of production through family agroindustrialization is increasing. The
main objective of this work is to outline the profile of family agribusinesses, located in
Municipalities of the Regional Unit of the State Agency of Agricultural Defense of Maranhão
from Caxias. To identify the profile of existing agro-industries in the region, structured
interviews were conducted based on a questionnaire with 07 questions directed to
socioeconomic characteristics, and 30 questions related to the characterization of the activity,
involving quantitative and qualitative data, applied to the owners and / or responsible for the
agro-industries. , and suppliers of raw materials for agro-industries, which will allow a
general characterization of their production units. As a result, the present work enables: the
construction of a database that provides the basis for subsidizing the implementation of public
policies directed to the registration of these agribusinesses; the viability of formal market
access for products; and the contribution to: regulation of jobs in rural areas; increased
income of family farmers; improving the quality of life of the people involved; encouraging
young people to stay in the countryside; and the optimization of public health by offering
inspected foods to the formal market, aiming to reduce the occurrence of zoonoses and

The objective of the present research was to characterize the socioeconomic and productive profile
of commercial poultry on the island of. And to report the sanitary episode of avian litter intake by
cattle, epidemiologically characterizing the sanitary situation and the sanitation measures
implemented in property. To reach the first objective, 10 broiler breeders registered at the Maranhão
state defense agency were interviewed through semi-structured questionnaires. And, to reach the
second objective, 119 cattle from a rural property located in the municipality of São José de
Ribamar, Maranhão state, were used in the study. With the basic research tool (questionnaires) it
was possible to determine some characteristics of poultry farming, such as: profile of poultry
producers; characteristics of properties; performance of the activity; and, production, use and
marketing of aviary bed. With the new organization of the production chain of broilers in the state
of Maranhão, a producer with a differentiated profile in the island of São Luiz - MA, characterized
by production in partnership with integrating companies and employment of hired labor
characterizing a poultry industrial type; incorporation of producers with larger land areas and
greater bird housing capacity; and, the presence of technical assistance that is reverted in
improvement of the sanitary state and, consequently, in the indicators of productive performance.
As for the sanitary episode, this was the result of an anonymous complaint about the supply of
poultry litter as feed for cattle. After 72 hours of the complaint, property inspection and collection
of feed samples were carried out. The collected material was sent to LANAGRO of Rio Grande do
Sul for the detection or not of by-products of animal origin. In the initial inspection to the rural
property was verified the presence of avian bed served to the cattle as food. And, in the laboratory
result was detected the presence of bones that are not calcined, which proves the feeding of the
animals with by-products of animal origin. In order to improve poultry farming in the studied area,
it is necessary to establish incentive measures for poultry farms focused on health education, taking
into account the production, use and commercialization of poultry litter and the risks arising from
them in ruminant feeding. It is suggested the intensification in the active inspections in ruminant
rearing properties and the control in the transit of the poultry bed that appears in the documentation
the purpose of use of this byproduct

By-products of animal origin are parts or derivatives derived from animals not intended for human consumption which are of fundamental importance to public health. The objective of the present work was to collect information on the transit of non-edible by-products of animal origin in the state of Maranhão, from 2013 to 2016. This information was obtained through the analysis of the official documents, Transit Guide for Animal By-products (TGBAO ), issued for intra-state transit, and Certificate of Sanitary Inspection model "E" - CSI-E, issued for intra- and interstate transit, by veterinarians of the State Agency of Agricultural and Livestock Defense of the State of Maranhão and by veterinarians accredited by the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Supply The most important by-products for transit in the State of Maranhão are beef shavings and shavings, followed by bovine leather, both in quantity of kilograms of transported by-products and in the quantity of documents issued. Maranhão sends a larger amount (1062105.46 tons) of by-products to states in the border regions, such as the states of Pará and Tocantins, but transit occurs for most of the states of the country, such as the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará , Pernambuco, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The municipalities of Governador Edison Lobão, Porto Franco and Miranda do Norte are the municipalities that move the most by-products in the state. It is suggested the formation of a database and computerization and automation through a system that allows the validation of data, to avoid nonconformities and unscrambled data. A broad control of the by-products flow in the State will only be possible if there is traceability from production to slaughter, which is where the cycle ends, with the transformation of the animal into edible or inedible products, more of wide economic applicability. It is recommended the interconnection of the agricultural integration system in its slaughter control module with the issuance of official documents (CSI-E and TGBAO) for the exit of the slaughterhouse and the existence of issuers of such documentation in all municipalities of the State, as is the case with the Animal Transit Guides

O Diagnóstico Educativo (DE) é parte de um processo de Educação Sanitária (ES) cuja função é identificar o problema sanitário, sua dimensão e natureza, assim como os fatores determinan-tes e condicionantes do problema em função da conduta dos indivíduos envolvidos, servindo para avaliar as mudanças decorrentes do processo mediado pela ES. A carne bovina fresca é um alimento de alta perecibilidade, o que demanda procedimentos de conservação e armazena-mento após o abate. A pesquisa tem por objetivo realizar um DE com manipuladores de carne bovina e seus clientes em dois Mercados Municipais de São Luís-MA, utilizando-o como fer-ramenta de conscientização dos mesmos sobre a da importância da refrigeração na manutenção da qualidade da carne bovina. Objetiva-se identificar as oportunidades e públicos de interesse para o projeto, bem como identificar os graus de conhecimento, atitudes e comportamentos dos manipuladores e clientes dos Mercados Municipais supracitados sobre a importância da refri-geração na conservação da qualidade da carne bovina e os aspectos negativos da prática de comprar carnes frescas. A pesquisa é do tipo qualiquantitativa, sendo estabelecido o contato com as administrações dos Mercados Municipais envolvidos, explicando-se os objetivos do projeto, a fim de facilitar a comunicação com os manipuladores de carne bovina e seus clientes, além da disponibilização de espaço físico para a realização das atividades educativas; o DE será realizado a partir de questionários, específicos para cada grupo de atores: manipuladores, cli-entes, gestores e escolares; serão utilizadas entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas e obser-vações diretas para detectar os comportamentos de manipuladores e clientes. Os entrevistados assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Os questionários e o TCLE foram submetidos ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP). Espera-se, com a implantação do projeto educativo baseado neste diagnóstico, realizar a conscientização de manipuladores e clientes dos Mercados Municipais em relação à mudança de hábitos que colocam em risco a qualidade nutricional e higienicossanitária, bem como as características organolépticas da carne bovina comercializada.

meliponicultura honey. bees without sting. quality control.

Manufacturing processes has came a long way over the years and industrialization of food products, innovation and investments in research, development of new processes and technologies, with aim to improving the quality of products are highlighted,. These include Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), which are sets of hygienic and sanitary procedures instituted by Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) of the Ministério da Saúde (MS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA)  and regulatory and oversight institutes of the activities carried out in food producing and / or food handling establishments. The objective of this study was to evaluate  the quality diagnosis through the  
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and , Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) tools in slaughterhouses of bovines of the metropolitan region of São Luís. The study was carried out in slaughterhouses with Serviço de Inspeção Municipal (SIM), Serviço de Inspeção Estadual  (SIE) in the metropolitan area of São Luís, at State Maranhão. The data were collected through questionnaires in months of January from 2018 to February 2018 and contains closed questions. It was verified that in most companies there are not quality control programs implemented, which contributes to the reduction of product quality and can cause problems to the health of the consumer.

This work aims to analyze the profile of milk producers in the municipality of Sitio Novo-Maranhão and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine mastitis, an inflammatory process that affects the mammary gland of the cows, which is contagious and easy to transmit. occurrence is related to environmental factors and their management. Thus, the socioeconomic relevance of the dairy activity is analyzed, since milk and its derivatives are important components in the Brazilian diet, besides being a production responsible for the generation of jobs and income. Therefore, the disease of these animals can cause countless damages to the production of this food, causing the decay of its quality and its productive scale. Faced with the observation of the triggering factors of inflammation, they are indicative aggravating factors: inadequate feeding, carelessness in milking, traumas in the udder and failure of the hygiene process. The research carried out in Sítio Novo aimed to analyze the profile of milk producers and risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine mastitis. As a methodology, the bibliographic research was used in secondary sources of information (books, articles of authors and specialists in pathology) and field research. For data collection, 50 forms of milk were applied to rural producers in the municipality of Sítio Novo-MA, which included questions such as age, schooling, frequency and type of handling used in milking cows, hygiene of the udder, hygienization of the milker, knowledge of the inflammation and method of identification of the same. The analysis made it possible to trace the profile of these producers, generally of young age group, with low schooling. In addition, it was found that the level of knowledge about mastitis is high, but even though most of them do not perform the procedures for their prevention. It is understood that in view of the relevance and impacts that can be felt as a result of mastitis in the agroindustrial system of milk, it is necessary to be attentive to the attenuating aspects of these consequences. The lack of hygiene practices in milking and milking can be identified as one of the main factors that contribute to the existence of mastitis in the nurseries and cause of production losses, which indicates the need for an educational project that satisfies these needs.

The illegal slaughter of cattle is a frequent activity in almost all regions of Brazil. Besides the problem related to tax evasion, the clandestinely on the slaughter industry brings serious risks to the consumer’s health. Objectifying the minimization of illegal slaughter, and the raise of the offer of inspected meat to the Baixada Maranhense area, including the coutines of Sao Bento, Bacurituba, Cajapió, Palmeirândia, São João Batista and São Vicente Ferrer, it is proposed the creation of a regional public syndicate for the slaughter of cattle in the Baixada Maranhense. To subsidize this proposal, it was made a literature review about that subject, and a visit to a northeast state which has the system of regionalized slaughter, and data survey with the organizations AGED/MA, IBGE, IMESC, to know the quantity of bovine, more commercialized beef cuts, prices, and the socioeconomic situation of the population from that area, and  it was applied a questionnaire in those counties which were involved. Furthermore, it was made speeches and public hearings, with the entire support of the government. Likewise, it was made a costing survey of the construction of slaughters according to the Regulamento de Inspecao Industrial e Sanitaria dos Produtos de Origem Animal (RISPOA), and a meat warehouse, through internet research, by phone with some providers, and analysis of approved projects on AGED/MA. Overall, the system of regional public syndicate for the slaughter of cattle is a viable alternative to finish the illegal slaughter issue and offer a safer food for the population