Reproductive problems in small ruminants cause significant economic losses on these farms. Gram-negative bacteria such as Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydia sp. cause the majority of illnesses, resulting in clinical signs include as metritis, placental retention, abortion, stillborn foetuses, and general symptoms such as fever and dyspnea. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of C. burnetii and Chlamydia sp. in goats and sheep in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, due to the economic losses generated by these agents and the problem of small ruminant health. Samples of vaginal secretion, milk, feces, and serum were collected from flocks in the north and south of the state with a history of reproductive disease.  Environmental samples were collected from the areas where the animals lived, such as sheepfolds and corrals. Vaginal swab (115), milk (105), feces (107), and environmental (10) samples were analyzed using qPCR for C. burnetii. Additionally, 76 serum samples were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibodies using the ELISA test. Furthermore, qPCR was used to analyze 115 vaginal swab samples to detect chlamydia species. Out of the 121 collected samples, 70 were from goats and 51 were from sheep. Ninety-two animals were used to statistically analyze the data on the detection of C. burnetii, as they had all three types of samples used in the study. C. burnetii was detected in 30.4% (28/92) of swab samples, 26% (24/92) of milk samples, and 8.6% (8/92) of feces samples. No amplification of C. burnetii DNA was found in any of the environment samples. The seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 31.5% (24/76). Furthermore, qPCR testing found that 2.6% (3/115) of the samples tested positive for Chlamydia, with two that comes from sheep and one from a goat. Sequencing confirmed that all Chlamydia-positive samples were Chlamydia pecorum. Given the reported findings, it is critical to emphasize that the two bacteria are significant agents with zoonotic potential, posing a risk to human health. Understanding the interaction of these bacteria with goats and sheep is essential for adopting preventative and infection control strategies in the country's flocks. Furthermore, it will contribute to future research understanding the true impact of these infections on human and animal health.

 Key words: Ovine. Caprine. Coxiellosis. Chlamydiosis. Zoonotic disease.

The aquatic environment has been suffering successive anthropogenic interference, leading to changes in the environment that directly impact the diversity of species of both parasites and their hosts. In this context, helminths present themselves as significant components within biological systems, being important agents that regulate the abundance and distribution of species and host populations. This investigation aimed to characterize the parasitic fauna associated with the main species of fish of economic importance sold on the island of São Luís – MA, through morphological characterization studies and analysis of parasitological descriptors for the different species of helminths found. The hosts were obtained at the fish market, at the Cidade Operária fair and directly from artisanal fishermen in Lagoa da Jansen on São Luís Island, and in a fish, farm located in the municipality of Matinha, state of Maranhão. Soon after acquisition, the fish were placed in thermal boxes and transported to the “Laboratório do Núcleo de estudos Morfofisiológicos Avançados - NEMO, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA)”, where identification, biometry, necropsy, and parasite collection were carried out. 236 hosts were acquired and analyzed, belonging to 35 different species distributed among the orders Elopiformes, Perciformes, Mugiliformes, Siluriformes, Batrachoidiformes and Characiformes. The gills were removed and placed in flasks containing hot water (c. 65°C) and then shaken vigorously to detach the parasites from the gill filaments. Soon after, absolute ethanol was added until reaching a concentration of approximately 70%, followed by fixation. To study endoparasites, the internal organs were individualized and opened with finetipped scissors and placed in containers filled with 70% ethanol. These vials were sent to the "Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Peixes, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ", where the helminths were collected and identified. The parasites were processed according to a specific methodology for each group. Some monogenoid specimens were mounted in Hoyer's medium to study the sclerotized parts; others were stained with Gomori trichrome to study internal organs. Nematodes were cleared with lactophenol or glycerin for examination under a light microscope. Cestoda and Digenea were stained with Langeron's alcoholic carmine, dehydrated in an ethanol series, clarified in clove oil, and mounted in Canada balsam. Of the total fish examined, 229 were parasitized by at least one species of parasite, with a total of 2,221 helminths being collected, of which 1,924 Monogenoidea belonging to the à Ameloblastella formatrium, Anacanthorus simpliciphallus, Chauhanellus hamatopeduncularoideum, Chauhanellus neotropicalis, C. susamlimae, Cosmetocleithrum akuanduba, C. bifurcum, C. brachylecis, C. leandroi, C. ludovicense, C. undulatum, C. gussevi, Diplectanocotyla megalops, Hamatopeduncularia bagre, H. cangatae, Metacamopia oligoplites, Mymarothecium sp., Probursata brasiliensis, Pseudomazocraes sulamericana, P. seleni, Pseudorhabdosynochus americanos, Rhabdosynochus hudsoni, R. rhabdosynochus, Rhamnocercus microps; 67 Digenea: Brachyphallus parvus, Brachyphallus sp., Manteria brachyderus, Prosorhynchus sp., Stephanostomum sp., Torticaecum (Didymozoidae), Tubulovesicula lindberghi; 4 Aspidogastrea: Lobatostoma ringens; 23 Cestoda: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis and 203 Nematoda: Anisakidae gen. sp., Ascarophis sp., Capillaridae gen sp., Contracaecum sp., Cucullanus sp., Hysterothylacium fortalezae, Hysterothylacium sp. e Raphidascaris sp. In the present study, a list of all helminths found is presented, including host and type locality, previous records in South America, references and new records of hosts and geographic distribution.

KEY WORDS: Morphological taxonomy, Maranhão, Ichthyoparasitology, biodiversity.

The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of bone conditions dates back to ancient civilizations. This practice, still prevalent in various cultures today, reflects a traditional knowledge that, although recognized by the population, lacks a more solid scientific foundation. This study investigates the efficacy of the oily extract of Dysphania ambrosioides (Mastruz) in promoting bone healing in rabbits, after the creation of a bone defect. The extract was previously subjected to chemical analyses to identify and quantify its active components, as well as toxicity tests to ensure greater reliability in the therapeutic product. The samples were divided into groups according to age range (young and adult), with the experimental group receiving 1ml of the 10% oily extract and the control group 1ml of sugar water. Assessments of the bone healing process were carried out by radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomography methods periodically, in addition to histological analyses that were performed after 30 days from the beginning of the process. The surgical procedure consisted of creating a bone defect in the proximal region of the rabbits' tibia. The efficacy of the treatment with the extract was evaluated by comparing the rate and quality of bone consolidation among the groups and age ranges, observing the safety and viability of the extract as an alternative or complementary treatment for bone regeneration. This study contributes to the scientific knowledge of the therapeutic properties of wormseed in veterinary practice, bridging gaps between traditional knowledge and scientific research.

Keywords: Mastruz; Bone healing; Medicinal plants; Rabbits

Advances in Brazilian livestock have been driven by assisted reproductive biotechnology, aiming to increase reproductive efficiency. Among these biotechnologies, the technique of in vitro production of embryos stands out, which allows the reduction of the interval between generations in addition to selecting the breeders. The technique is a complex procedure that involves several stages, including maturation, a crucial step that gives the oocyte the ability to reach the peak of its potential evolution after fertilization, however, it can induce injuries in oocytes due to excessive production of oxygen-reactive species, impairing the competence of embryonic development. In this context, supplementation with the antioxidant quercetin in the maturation media emerges as a strategy to reduce oxidative stress caused by the technique. This study seeks to contribute scientifically to improve the quality and quantity of matured bovine oocytes through supplementation with quercetin as a reducing agent of cellular injury seeking thus an optimal concentration of this antioxidant, able to balance the production of reactive oxygen species. Based on a sample of 342 ovaries, 835 viable structures were obtained for analysis being distributed in treatments with different concentrations of quercetin (1µm, 5µm, and 10µm), in addition to the control groups. The research focused on the evaluation of the quality of oocytes, measured by the aspiration of follicles between 3 and 8 mm in diameter. The results indicate that the average number of follicles per ovary was 11.84, with an average oocyte recovery rate of 31.14%. The classification of oocytes was performed according to morphological quality, following criteria established in the literature. The oocytes were submitted to the activity analysis of the G6PDH enzyme by staining with bright cresyl blue (BCB), as well as to the evaluation of the degree of expansion of cumulus cells after in vitro maturation. Statistical analysis revealed that supplementation with quercetin didn't significantly affect the rate of nuclear maturation of oocytes, but positively influenced the expansion of cumulus cells, especially at concentrations of 5 and 10 µM. The results indicate that quercetin may be a beneficial addition to in vitro maturation media, promoting a better quality of oocytes without causing cell damage. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of oocyte maturation and have important implications for in vitro embryo production in livestock.

 Keywords: Antioxidant; Flavonoid; Meiosis; Oxidative Stress; Oocyte Competence.

This research deals with the overview of neurological cases in dogs treated at the veterinary hospital of a public institution in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. The relevance of this research is justified by the significant number of companion animals that arrive at veterinary services presenting neurological changes of different etiologies and in need of differentiated medical care, as well as the scarcity of epidemiological studies related to nervous system diseases in dogs. This study had the general objective of reporting, based on documents/medical records, the case series of neurological changes in dogs treated at the veterinary hospital of a public institution in the state of Maranhão. With regard to specific objectives, we sought to understand the neurological pathologies that most affect dogs treated at the veterinary hospital; classify neurological diseases according to the anatomical region involved and through the categories included in the acronym DINAMIT-V (degenerative, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, nutritional, developmental anomalies, metabolic, idiopathic, traumatic, toxic and vascular); correlate the pathologies (diagnoses and suspected diagnoses) identified in the study with factors linked to the sex, age and breed of the dogs; identify the places of origin (neighborhood or municipality) of the patients included in the study. The methodology was based on carrying out a retrospective study based on medical records/clinical records, that is, of a documentary nature, of dogs presenting neurological changes and treated at the veterinary hospital, from 2018 to 2022. Records of 1085 dogs were analyzed, in the period covered by the study, with 82 (7.6%) in 2018, 218 (20.1%) in 2019, 305 (28.1%) in 2020, 378 (34.8%) in 2021 and, 102 (9.4%) in 2022. Presumptive diagnoses represented 766 of the cases (70.7%), while definitive diagnoses accounted for 319 (29.3%). Regarding the nature of the diseases, following the acronym DINAMIT-V, and covering proven and presumptive diagnoses, neurological changes associated with infectious etiologies occurred most frequently - 778 (71.7%) of cases, followed by traumatic ones - 79 (7, 3%), idiopathic – 58 (5.3%), degenerative – 55 (5.1%), toxic – 31 (2.9%), metabolic – 29 (2.7%), inflammatory – 14 (1, 4%), neoplastic – 12 (1.1%), congenital – 8 (0.7%) and vascular – 4 (0.4%). Nervous changes were observed to a greater extent in male puppy patients (up to one year of age). With regard to breeds, the animals Without Defined Breed (SRD), Poodle and Pinscher were the most affected, respectively. And regarding the classification of diseases within the acronym DINAMIT-V, those of an infectious nature were the most representative, followed by traumatic and idiopathic diseases.

 Keywords:Canis familiaris, Neurological diseases, Retrospective study

Breast cancer is the neoplasm that most affects female dogs, sometimes being affected by more than one nodulation and with different macroscopic characteristics. Bitches in their senile phase are the most affected. In order for there to be an adequate therapeutic protocol, an assertive diagnosis must occur. The most used techniques for diagnosing mammary carcinoma in bitches are cytological and histopathological. Cytoblock, a diagnostic technique widespread in laboratory routine, is the result of collection by fine needle aspiration puncture (FNA), where the material is processed in a similar way to histological material, bringing benefits such as the creation of multiple slides for different stains, and the possibility of applying the immunohistochemistry technique. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cytoblock technique for the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma in bitches, by comparing the results with cytological and histological techniques, as well as evaluating the applicability of the immunohistochemical technique through marking with Ki- 67. Clinical data were collected from 25 dogs treated at the Edilberto Uchoa Lopes Hospital of the State University of Maranhão (UEMA). From these animals, 40 samples of mammary nodules were collected, using FNAC, for cytology and cytoblock, and fragments of breast tissue from surgical excision were collected for histopathological examination. Samples for cytological examination were stained using the Diff-quick method. For cytoblocking and histopathology, samples were embedded in paraffin and mounted on a slide. Cytoblock slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and cytoblock slides with neoplastic cellularity were subjected to immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 antigen. Tissue slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid shiff (PAS). SRD (56%, 14/25), elderly (60%, 15/25) and only one nodulation (64%, 16/25) bitches were the most common. The 40 lesion samples were diagnosed by cytology and histology examination as breast carcinoma or carcinoma in a mixed tumor, and in PAS staining all samples showed stromal invasiveness. In 57.5% (23/40) of the samples processed in cytoblock, it was possible to diagnose carcinoma, and in these samples, the agreement when compared to cytological and histological exams was 47.8% (11/23). In the analysis of immunohistochemistry slides, 40% (6/15) showed cells immunostained for Ki-67. Although the cytoblock technique presented low sensitivity for the diagnosis of carcinoma and carcinoma in mixed tumors in the breast of dogs, mainly due to low cellularity, the cytoblock technique allowed the marking of Ki67, helping in a more accurate diagnosis, especially in association with other techniques used in the laboratory routine of veterinary pathology.

Keywords: Cancer; tumor; neoplasm; diagnosis, Canis Lupus familiaris.

Bivalve molluscs are present throughout the coast of Maranhão and represent, in addition to food, a source of income. Due to their filtering physiology, they act as bioindicators of the environment in which they are inserted, as well as being affected by protozoa such as Bonamia spp. and Perkinsus spp. that are agents responsible for diseases that generate population reduction and economic impact. In this context, the objective was to investigate compulsory notification agents in bivalve molluscs from the natural environment on the Island of Maranhão, Brazil. For this, 90 specimens of Mytella spp. (mussel), 90 specimens of Anomalocardia spp. (clam) and 63 specimens of Crassostrea spp. (oysters). After collection, the specimens were stored in thermal boxes and transported to the laboratory to be processed on the same day. They were cleaned with sea water and separated by similar sizes. The animals' valves were opened with the aid of scalpels and the gill tissue was removed. The animals were separated into pools, where each pool contained 3 animals, thus totaling 30 pools of Mytella spp. mussel), 30 pools of Anomalocardia spp. (clam) and 21 pools of Crassostrea spp. (oysters) for DNA extraction. They were then submitted to the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique using three specific genes, 18SrDNA, SSURDNA and ITSrRNA. Molecular analyzes were performed and it was not possible to detect the presence of the protozoa Bonamia spp. and Perkinsus spp. in bivalve molluscs up to the present moment in Maranhão Island. Although there are no reports of positive samples and no mortality has been noted, the present study provides important information about the lack of circulation of compulsory notifiable agents, Bonamia spp. and Perkinsus spp. in the studied area and points to the need for active surveillance and the implementation of public policies aimed at the health of aquatic animals.

Keywords: Molecular detection, Bonamia spp., Perkinsus spp

Kinosternon scorpioides is a semiaquatic, freshwater turtle, commonly known by the people of Maranhão as “jurará” that lives in dry and flooded places in the Maranhão Amazon. In this context, in Chapter I we present the state of the art on 3 main biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers that can be used in a biomonitoring approach for a species of the Kinosternon genus. In the present context, the possibility of using this taxon as a biomonitor of impacted environments is indicated. In Chapter II we aim to analyze changes in the biochemical responses of Glutathione S-Transferase and Catalase in K. scorpioides (Testudines: Kinosternidae) as biomarkers of environmental impact in a protected area in the Maranhão Amazon, Brazilian Ramsar Site, based on an investigation into blood from 106 specimens of K. scorpioides from urban and non-urban areas in the Maranhão Amazon, in addition to breeding sites in different climatic seasons (rainy and dry periods). Finally, in Chapter III the objective was to investigate the presence of micronucleus (MN) and other Erythrocyte Nuclear Abnormalities (ANE's) in natural and captive populations of K. scorpioides, comparing their frequencies with the environment, sex and seasonality in an Area of Environmental Protection of the Maranhão Amazon through blood smears and cytological analysis of animal blood. In view of this, the data compiled in the aforementioned chapters contribute to the elucidation of knowledge on the subject, in addition to enabling, through the effectiveness of biomarkers, a precise and safe diagnosis of the environmental quality of the Baixada Maranhense APA, as well as of the health of K. scorpioides, a taxon used as a biomonitor in this investigation.

Keywords: enzymes, micronucleus, scorpion mud turtle, Maranhão.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a disease that affects dogs, with a wide range of clinical signs and various alterations in the abdominal organs, with the kidneys being the most affected. In order to properly stage the disease and make the best therapeutic choice, renal assessment should be carried out using ultrasound, biochemical tests and blood pressure profiles. The aim of this study was to compare renal aspects using B-mode ultrasound and vascular Doppler, biochemical tests, urinalysis and blood pressure in Leishmania sp. positive dogs treated with miltefosine at different stages of treatment. To this end, 38 dogs over the age of one year were used, distributed as follows: 12 healthy dogs (G1), 26 dogs naturally infected with Leishmania sp., of which 12 were positive and not treated with miltefosine (G2) and 14 were treated with miltefosine (G3). Evaluations were carried out twice, 30 days apart, where a complete blood count, urea (U) and creatinine (C) levels were taken. Urine was collected by cystocentesis for urinalysis and urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR). Blood pressure was measured using vascular Doppler. The Doppler resistivity index (RI) of the renal arteries was obtained at the same time as the B-mode ultrasound assessments. After the laboratory tests, serum U levels were observed with an average value of 39.7 mg/dL, with no statistical difference between the groups. Serum C levels averaged 0.92 mg/dL, with a statistical difference between G1 and G2. The average blood pressure values were 118 to 144 mmg, with G2 having the lowest measurement (135 to 140 mmg) and a statistical difference between the other groups. After urinalysis, urine density ranged from 1024 to 1030, with no statistical difference between the groups. With the RPCU, values ranging from 0.3 to 2.2 were obtained, with the highest value in G3. In Doppler velocimetry, systolic velocity (SV) values ranged from 42.4 to 60.2 cm/s for the right kidney and 45.97 to 60.1 cm/s for the left. Diastolic velocity (DV) ranged from 14.5 to 21.3 in the right kidney and 15.8 to 19.8 in the left. Resistivity index (RI) measurements ranged from 0.66 to 0.68 for the right kidney and 0.65 to 0.68 for the left, with no statistical difference between the groups. Even with some ultrasound and hemodynamic changes, the urea and creatinine values were within the normal range for the species. The IR averages showed no difference between the treated and untreated animals. The positive animals not treated with miltefosine had higher blood pressure values than the negative and treated animals. The patients treated with miltefosine were proteinuric with reference values higher than normal.

Keywords: dogs, leishmaniasis, kidneys, ultrasound

The feline chronic gengivostomatitis complex is a severe inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of diffuse or focal lesions in the alveolar, lingual and jugal mucous membranes, ulcerative and/or proliferative. It is a multifactorial disease with clinical signs of inapetence, dysphagia, anorexia, halitosis ptialism, sometimes with hemorrhage. The definitive diagnosis is obtained from a detailed anamnesis, physical examination and complementary examinations. This study presents the clinical, pathological and molecular characterization of 30 felines with feline chronic gengivostomatitis. The main clinical findings were dysphagia 64%, halitosis 100%, anorexia 27%, ptialism 25%, sialorrhoea, hyporexia and pain was observed in 61% of the animals. In the macroscopic evaluation, 20% presented grade II lesions, 43% had grade III lesions, 37% had grade IV lesions. Clinically, a pattern of proliferative and ulcerative lesion of the disease was identified. The felines presented diffusely distributed gengivostomitis with marked hyperemia, friable lesions, associated with bacterial growth and intense proliferation and ulceration of the mucosa and next to the base of the tongue. Morphological diagnosis is characterized by edema of the palate and gingivitis and stomatitis ranging from multifocal to coalescing. Biopsies of the oral mucosa were collected. Tissue sections were submitted to histopathology and PCR to identify possible associated pathogens (FeLV, IVF and leishmaniasis). In the histopathological examination 100% presented marked hyperplasia, vacuolar degeneration of the epithelium, diffuse intraepithelial infiltrate, formed by cells and variable amounts of lymphocytes, mast cells, Mott cells. 25% intense ulcerations in the external epithelium, in addition to the presence of fibrosis in 14% of cases. The lesions were so deep that it reached the muscle region causing destruction of muscle fibers associated with chronic inflammatory process. The results of the present study show that GECF is an important oral disease in cats.

Key words: feline; gingiviti; stomatitis

Maranhão has an extensive coastline, standing out as a strategic point for fishing activities, predominantly artisanal and of great socio-economic importance. The species Anomalocardia flexuosa (Linnaeus, 1767), popularly known as sarnambi, is a bivalve mollusk predominantly found in the sandy coastal areas of Maranhão. They are highly prized animals, with high nutritional value, providing food and income for impoverished populations relying on shellfish gathering as their livelihood. In order to characterize the microbiological and physicochemical quality and quantify heavy metals in sarnambi (A. flexuosa) meat and water from natural banks in Paço do Lumiar, Raposa, and São José de Ribamar, municipalities belonging to the Maranhense Amazon Coast, seventeen natural banks for mollusk extraction were analyzed during both the rainy and dry seasons. Sarnambi meat samples were collected from natural banks for the research of coliforms, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Aeromonas spp. The quantification of metals Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Zinc and Iron was also performed on A. flexuosa meat samples. Water samples from mollusk extraction sites were analyzed for total and thermotolerant coliforms using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. For the physicochemical characterization of collected water, the variables: hardness, alkalinity, chloride, conductivity, total dissolved solids, NaCl, pH, turbidity, iron content, nitrite, and nitrate levels were examined. The results of the microbiological analyses showed contamination in A. flexuosa meat by total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus, with higher concentrations during the rainy season. The presence of metals in A. flexuosa meat was observed, with higher concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn in samples from point P7 during the rainy season, and higher concentrations of Cr and Fe in P10. In the dry season, Mn, Ni and Zn were found in higher concentrations in P7, and higher concentrations of Cu and Fe in P9. The waters of the A. flexuosa extraction sites showed contamination by total coliforms and E. coli, as well as physicochemical characteristics that influence the growth of this bivalve. It was observed that conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity increased proportionally. Iron was found in the water samples with elevated concentrations in 35% of the points during the rainy season, elevated levels of nitrite in 23% of the points during the dry season, and elevated concentrations of nitrate in 82% of the points during the same seasonal period. The results obtained show that the coastal areas of the visited municipalities are contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, leading to the contamination of A. flexuosa, further contributing to the scarcity of this bivalve due to inadequate conservation conditions and environmental contamination. The presence of metals and other chemicals found in the waters of the natural banks of Maranhão Island can pose risks to the ecosystem and public health, emphasizing the need for attention regarding the consumption of these mollusks by the human population.

Keywords: bivalve mollusks; contamination; pathogenic microorganisms.

Keywords: mistletoe; anti-inflammatory; cancer

Myxozoans are microparasites that predominantly occur in fish and show great morphological variation, as well as a high diversity of species, where we highlight their importance as causes of emerging diseases in the Amazon region. It is worth noting that pathogenic potential can affect the population of a region's fishing resource, which can interfere with ecological relations and subsistence fishing in a given place. In this context, this study aims to contribute to the knowledge of myxozoans in the Eastern Amazon. To this end, 80 fish specimens of the species sardinha papuda (Triportheus trifurcatus), collected in the Tocantins River, in the municipality of Imperatriz - Maranhão-Brazil, were analyzed. With the support of morphological, histological and molecular data, it was possible to verify the presence of myxozoans in the aforementioned host. With a prevalence of 5% of the fish specimens analyzed, it was possible to record mature spores dispersed in the liquid inside the gallbladder, with a total length of 22.5±1.6 µm and a thickness of 3.1±0.2 µm, with two polar capsules measuring 1.8±0.2 µm long and 1.6±0.1 µm wide, with polar filaments arranged in 3 or 4 turns. The topologies of the phylogenetic trees generated from the molecular data validated the specific status of C. emanuelensis n sp., making it the second species in the genus described, with the Tocantins River in the eastern portion of the Maranhão Amazon as the type locality. It is worth noting that the genus Myxobolus was found in cardiac tissue, causing an asymptomatic infection of the organ and, based on the data and morphological analysis, suggests that it is also a new species of myxozoan. Despite the findings presented, T. trifurcatus requires further studies in order to find out which other infection sites exist in this species, as well as in other species of the genus that live in sympatry, and thus increase knowledge about myxozoans in the Maranhão Amazon.

Keywords: Ceratomyxa emanuelensis; Myxobolus, Southwest Maranhão; Tocantins River

The objective of this study was to produce a biodegradable biofilm using collagen from stingray skin, with prospects for use in the pharmaceutical industry. The skins were purchased at markets in Baixada Maranhense, sanitized and processed at LABTEP - UEMA to obtain collagen with extraction in acidic medium and 6 hours of agitation in a water bath at 50ºC. The extract and collagen yield was calculated after drying in an oven at 50ºC for 24 hours. Three different biofilms were created, using essential oils from mastic leaves (Myracrodoum urundeuva), guava leaves (Psidium guajava) and the control biofilm without adding the oils, identified by A, X and C, respectively. To calculate humidity, previously weighed samples remained in the oven for 14 hours at 50º C. Protein was quantified by the micro Kjadahl method and ash by incineration in a muffle furnace. Thickness was measured using a digital caliper. To evaluate the shrinkage and deformation index, the biofilms were cut and placed on graph paper, and standardized photographic records were taken every 6 hours for 24 hours. Solubility, biofilms with known humidity were immersed in water for 24 hours with constant stirring. For water retention capacity (CAA), biofilms with known thickness and weight were used, immersed in distilled water for 24 hours. Antimicrobial analysis was performed by microdilution test with strains of E. coli, S. enterica, P. aeroginosa, K. pneumonie, E. aerogenes, S. aureus, C. albicans, C. krusci and C. parapsilosis, was used itaconazole as a positive control, and the medium and cells as a negative control. The color of the biofilm was evaluated through standardized photographic recording at intervals of 6 hours for 24 hours, called T0 to T4 and the change in color in films exposed to room temperature was evaluated using the chromas R (Red), G (Green) , B (Blue) and L (Luminosity) at different times. The extract and collagen yield was 61.58% and 52.91%, respectively. The proximate composition: moisture, proteins and ash was 90.12%, 28.70% and 7.59% for collagen, respectively. For films C, A and The liquefaction and gelation temperature ranged from 24° to 35°C. There was no change in the shrinkage and deformation index after 24 hours. CAA showed a high level of absorption, 230.25%, 228.06% and 247.17% for biofilms C, A and X respectively. The microbiological analysis showed satisfactory inhibition results for all bacteria with biofilm A, in relation to biofilms C and X, the same did not happen for fungi. The color analysis showed no difference between treatments (C, A and X) but there was a difference between treatments at different times. The research presents innovative potential for using stingray skin in the preparation of biodegradable products, creating collagen biofilms, making it promising for its use in wound healing.

KEYWORDS: Use of Residues, Dressings, Fish Gelatin.

The Tocantins River is a Brazilian watercourse that bathes part of the Midwest and North regions of Brazil. In the basin of this river, there is a great abundance of fish and due to this characteristic, fishing has naturally become a means of survival and an economic activity for most of the so-called riverside residents. In the Tocantins River, the occurrence of fish of the genus Cichla is common, popularly known by the name of “tucunaré” in most of the Amazon region. They are highly prolific, adapt well to lentic conditions and their populations have expanded rapidly in hydroelectric plants, reservoirs, floodplains and lakes. Peacock bass are easily identified by the shape of the dorsal fin, the wide mouth, prominent mandible and maxilla, an ocellus at the base of the caudal fin, and vertically distributed dark bars. The research aimed to carry out an osteological study of the axial skeleton of peacock bass with digital analysis of images of sagittal otoliths. The fish were caught by professional fishermen, taken to the Ecology and Limnology laboratory of the Universidade Estadual Sul do Maranhão – UEMASUL, where radiographic examinations were performed and the sagitta otoliths were dissected, micrographed for digital analysis and microchemical study with a spectrophotometer. After studying the morphology and morphometry of the axial skeleton and otoliths, it was found that each specimen found had its own characteristics. The samples studied had a total of 35 – 36 vertebrae, divided into 19 thoracic and 17 caudal, in addition to 17 pairs of ribs. While the otoliths studied showed differences in microchemical composition, those of the Cichla kelberi species had a higher concentration of calcium 417,998 µg and iron 0.129µg, in its composition. In the study there were variations in the specimens with regard to standard deviation, weight being 130.10g, total length 3.41cm, caudal fin 0.95cm. With the use of the radiographic examination, differences were verified in the axial skeleton, with variation in the morphological and morphometric characters, and with the use of spectrophotometry, the chemical composition of the otoliths was identified.  

  Keywords: Cichlas, Osteological, Radiography, Peacock bass, Otoliths.     

Reproductive biology studies are important for understanding the behavior of fish populations, in addition to promoting the correct management of fishing resources. Considering existing gaps in knowledge about the ichthyofauna exploited by artisanal fishing in Maranhão, this study aims to analyze aspects of the reproduction and feeding of the species Micropogonias furnieri and Sciades proops captured by the fleet in the municipality of Raposa, Maranhão, aiming to develop management measures for conservation of these species on the coast of Maranhão. For each species under study, the size at first sexual maturation, the sex ratio per month and length class, reproduction season, type of spawning and fecundity were determined. The data was collected through monthly samplings during the period from January 2021 to December 2021, together with the artisanal fishing fleet in the municipality of Raposa, MA (SEMA LICENSE: 2010060024). 360 specimens of Micropogonias furnieri and 360 specimens of Sciades proops were analyzed. The analyzed individuals of M. furnieri ranged from 20.2 to 50.8 cm in total length (TL), presenting negative allometry, with a sex ratio of 1.1 females for each male and with a size at first maturity (L50) of 25.98 cm, being able to reproduce all year round. The analyzed individuals of S. proops ranged from 24.7 to 62.6 cm in CT, with negative allometry, a sex ratio of 1.2 females for each male, the L50 for the Sciades proops population was 37.87 cm and It is also able to reproduce throughout the year. For both species, five stages of gonadal maturation were confirmed, namely: Immature phase (IM); Development phase (DP); Spawning capacity phase (SP); Regression phase (RP); Regeneration phase (RGP). The average absolute fecundity for Micropogonias furnieri was 643,410 oocytes, indicating that the species has high fecundity. The initial maturation size of oocytes for this species was 300µm. Fecundity relative to length and weight was 11040 oocytes per centimeter of total length and 675 oocytes per gram of total female weight. For the species S. proops, the average absolute fecundity (AF) was 57 oocytes, indicating that it is a species with low fecundity. The initial maturation size of oocytes for this species was estimated at 1000 µm. The average relative fecundity (FR) was 0.788918 oocytes per centimeter of total length and 1.16 oocytes per gram of total female weight. The present study showed that the Maranhão gulf area is an important breeding site for M. furnieri and S. proops. And although there is no evidence of major impacts of fishing on the stock of these species, it is plausible to apply management measures to the studied area, such as: determination and inspection by IBAMA of the minimum catch size of 25 cm for Micropogonias furnieri, and 37 cm for Sciades proops, mainly in the months of January to May, where the reproductive peaks for these species were more expressive, as well as an environmental education work for people involved in fishing activities.

Keywords: Reproduction; Central coast of Maranhão; cyanids, estuarine catfish; Fishing planning.

Species of hemoparasites were analyzed by means of molecular tools to determine the occurrence and risk factors to Babesia spp., Ehrlichia canis e Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs in the State of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were obtained from dogs in the district of Belágua. Polymerase Chain Reaction performed the molecular diagnosis. 205 animals were sample and 7 (3.42%) were positive to E. canis. None of them were positive to Babesia spp. e T. cruzi. The association of the variables sex, access to street, coexistence with other animals, and presence of organic matter had significant difference with the presence or absence of the positivity to E. canis. We can conclude that the infection by E. canis is present in dogs in the studied district, which suggests the monitoring of the canine population and of the vectors of the pathogen.

 Keywords: Babesia spp., Ehrlichia canis, Trypanosoma spp., Maranhão

Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are species known to be highly resistant to the development of diseases considered common in cattle. to remain clustered for long periods in flooded areas and by the creations associated with bovines. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the occurrence of ectoparasites and hemoparasites in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) raised in Baixada Maranhense, Brazil. Blood and ectoparasites were collected from 116 buffaloes (36 males and 80 females), crossbred, aged from 4 months to 144 months, with dairy, beef and mixed aptitude. For the investigation of hemoparasites, direct parasitological techniques were used through blood smears and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the serological diagnosis was performed by the Indirect Immunoenzymatic Assay (iELISA) technique, based on the identification of antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Trypanosoma vivax, and the lateral flow Immunochromatography test (Imunotest®), to verify reagent animals for T. vivax. As for ectoparasites, the species Haematopinus tuberculatus was identified. Blood smears were negative for A. marginale, B. bovis, B. bigemina and T. vivax. Anti-B. bovis in 62.94% buffaloes, 81.90% were reactive for B. bigemina, 68.10% were seroreactive for A. marginale, 79.31% for anti-T. vivax through iELISA and 76.72% reagents to the immunochromatographic test. As for the molecular analysis, 8.62% were positive for B. bovis, 6.90% positive for B. bigemina, and 1 animal was diagnosed positive for T. vivax. No animals positive for A. marginale were diagnosed. The presence of T. vivax in specimens of H. tuberculatus was also investigated, with negative results disease clinic. There wa no estatistical difference (p<0.05) between age and sex for the studied pathogens. It was concluded that buffalo raised in Baixada Maranhense are carriers of A. marginale, B. bovis, B. bigemina and T. vivax.

Keywords: Buffaloes, ectoparasites, serology, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Trypanosoma vivax

Breed characteristics in brachycephalic dogs favor ocular exposure and chronic injuries. There is a high incidence of secondary lesions, such as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal ulcer, which can lead to blindness. Blepharoplasty (canthoplasty) is recommended to reduce the palpebral fissure and surface exposure, however information regarding specific and long-term parameters is scarce, in addition the procedures are routinely performed when the lesions are already installed. It is believed that early surgical intervention to correct conformational defects can prevent the development of related complications. Brachycephalic breed dogs will be selected and sent to the Veterinary Hospital of UEMA or specialized kennels in the region. A complete ophthalmological evaluation will be carried out to standardize the groups, which will be composed of dogs that present minimal ocular alterations or absence of these due to racial conformation. The control group (CG) will be composed of dogs submitted to traditional clinical treatment; and the treated group (TG) will be included those undergoing surgical correction (blepharoplasty to reduce the palpebral fissure and correction of medial entropion) of conformational defects. All patients will be treated with the use of topical medications: cyclosporine, ocular lubricants and anti-inflammatories. Assessments for tear production and secondary lesions will be performed before (T0) and after 7 days (T1), 30 days (T2), 60 days (T3), 6 months (T4), 1 year (T5) and 2 years (T6). after initiation of therapy in both groups.

KEYWORDS: dog, canthoplasty, brachycephalic

The wild fauna suffers constant anthropic threats through agricultural and livestock expansion, construction of dams and hydroelectric plants, urban growth, hunting, among others. Habitat degradation and fragmentation are aspects that consequently lead to the occurrence of the approximation of human populations and invasive species such as dogs and cats in forest areas, thus predisposing the transmission of infectious diseases between different species. The objective is to analyze the health profile of dogs that are domiciled and resident in the Parque Estadual do Mirador-Maranhão, in order to assess and report the potential risk of transmission of infectious diseases to wild carnivores. 45 questionnaires were applied, containing information regarding the presence of domestic animals and the sanitary management employed by the owners. A sample number of 96 dogs was registered, of which 54 underwent physical examination. Peripheral blood samples were collected for the detection of canine distemper virus and leishmaniasis using the qualitative PCR technique. Tick samples were collected for identification and description. It was found that all the locations surveyed have positive dogs for Leishmania spp., Posto Zé Miguel with 25,9% (12/18), Posto Mel 22,2% (14/18), Posto Cágados 1,9% (1/2) and Povoado Mato Grosso with 20,4% (11/16). The ectoparasites found were: Amblyomma ovale (15%), Amblyomma parvum (12,4%), Amblyomma tigrinum (1,3%), Amblyomma cajanense (0.4%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (70,9%). Leishmaniasis and distemper are pathogens present in PEM, putting at risk the relationship between humans, domestic and wild animals. It is concluded that leishmaniasis and distemper virus are pathogenic agents circulating in the Parque Estadual do Mirador (PEM) and that dogs domiciled in this region are in situations of inadequate sanitary management, thus putting the conservation of wild carnivores at risk.       

 Keywords: conservation medicine, wildlife, epidemiology.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have zoonotic potential of great importance for public health. The virus that causes this disease belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and infects several animal species, including mammals and birds, and waterfowl are considered the natural reservoirs of the virus. The affinity of the influenza A virus with different animal species is mainly due to the affinity of the viral hemagglutinin with the receptors found on host cells. Pigs are susceptible to infection with human and avian viruses, since they have receptors similar to those present in these species and can serve as intermediate hosts or "mixing vessel" for these pathogens, which can generate viruses with new antigenic and biological characteristics. that can cause catastrophic human epidemics and pandemics. Therefore, ongoing surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in pigs and assessment of their zoonotic potential is essential for preparing for human pandemics. The Baixada Maranhense is a region where pigs are raised freely in direct contact with wild aquatic birds, with little or no sanitary conditions for handling. These conditions can create an environment conducive to the development of Influenza A virus and emergence of new strains. The present study aimed to determine the rate of Influenza A virus infection in swine in the Baixada Maranhese region. Nasal swab samples were collected from 200 pigs, 100 in the rainy season and 100 in the dry season, corresponding to January and September 2021, aged from one to six months. In the laboratory, samples were subjected to reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) for IAVs targeting the M gene. All samples tested for influenza A were negative. However, we cannot say that this virus is not circulating in the swine population and active surveillance is necessary in the region.

Keywords: influenza A, swine, zoonosis

Cheese is one of the main products, with minas frescal cheese being the second most consumed type of cheese in the country. Microbial contamination of cheeses that use raw milk is a public health problem. In the manufacture of cheese, one of the purposes of lactic culture is to control contamination by acidification of the medium. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of two different lactic cultures for the control of Escherichia coli in fresh cheese made from raw milk. The starter cultures (Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis) inoculated in the production of Minas Frescal cheese were used at concentrations of 1%, 1.5% and 2%. They were analyzed during eight days of storage and submitted to microbiological evaluations for total and thermotolerant coliforms. A reduction of 49.48% in the CFU/g of E.coli was observed in experiment 1, with the use of yeast Lactobacillus casei at 1.5%%, as well as in experiment 2, where there was a reduction of 35.25% in the CFU/g of E.coli, with the use of yeast Lactococcus lactis at a concentration of 2% compared to the control. Considering the data obtained in the research, the lactic ferments used showed that they are efficient in controlling E. coli in minas frescal cheeses.

Key words: Microbiology, microorganisms, yeast.

Species of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasitize vertebrates of all mammalian classes, with life cycles alternating between vertebrates and invertebrates. In the sylvatic cycle, triatomine insects and hematophagous dipterans are important vectors of these parasites. Considering the importance of small wild mammals as reservoirs of these parasites, the objective of the present study was the diagnosis of trypanosomatids in these animals from the APA of Itaqui-Bacanga, APA of Maracanã and at the Paulo VI campus of the State University of Maranhão - UEMA in the municipality of Sao Luis Maranhão. Eleven collections were carried out, and of these, four were made in the Maracanã APA (in January, June, September and December 2018); three were in the Itaqui Area – Bacanga (in December 2020, July 2021 and December 2021) and four in the Paulo VI campus of UEMA (two in May, one in August and the last one in October 2021), in which 37 animals were captured. Traps of the type (Shermman and Tomahawk) were used to capture the animals, separated into tracks, in addition to being distributed in the peridomicile in the Itaqui-Bacanga area, baited with different attractions. The captured animals were anesthetized and some specimens euthanized for biological samples collection. Blood samples (cardiac puncture or caudal vein) were collected from all captured animals and subsequently sown in biphasic culture medium (BAB/LIT) in duplicate per animal, totaling 74 blood cultures, and blood smear slides were prepared in triplicate per animal, totaling 111 blood smears. From the euthanized animals, liver and spleen tissue were collected for molecular analysis, and 82 samples were obtained. DNA extraction from the samples was performed using the GeneJet Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific®) and the V7V8 genes of SSU rRNA, gGAPDH and Cathepsin L-like were used for amplification. All smears and blood cultures were negative, however in the molecular analysis for the V7V8 gene, eight samples were positive, from 6 animals, being (3) of the species Didelphis marsupialis, from APA do Maracanã, and (1) Rattus rattus, (2) Rattus sp from the Itaqui-Bacanga Area; and for the gGAPDH gene, 9 samples were positive from 7 animals, being (3) Didelphis marsupialis (APA do Maracanã), (1) Rattus novergicus, (1) Rattus rattus and (2) Rattus sp. (APA of Itaqui-Bacanga). There was no positivity in the molecular analysis using the Cathepsin L-like gene. It is important to continue the research on wild animals in these areas, since the results confirm the presence of trypanosomatids, and these in endemic areas have already been identified as reservoirs, contributing to the maintenance of the wild and peridomestic cycle of these trypanosomatids.

KEYWORDS: wild mammals, Leishmania, Trypanosoma

The accelerated development of multidrug-resistant pathogens is very worrying, as existing factors such 

as the lack of therapeutic options for the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria and the high mortality 

rates have been increasing. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of strains of  Escherichiacoli, 

Staphylococc usaureus and Salmonella sp isolated from samples of animal products sold in São Luís,

86 samples of Animal Products were analyzed, from 6 to September 18, 2021, divided into 19 samples of dried

meat, 20 samples of carcass and chicken cuts, 16 samples of ground meat, 17 samples of fish and 14 samples of 

cheese, obtained in the trade in general sold in São Luís and analyzed for the search for Escherichiacoli; 

Staphylococcusaureus and Salmonella sp. and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. It was verified

that for dried meat, S. aureus was found in a total of 16 samples, E. coli in 5 samples and no Salmonella

sp. For chicken carcasses and cuts, S. aureus was present in 10 samples, E. coli in 9 samples and 

Salmonella sp. in 2 samples. While for ground beef, a total of 11 samples were obtained for S. aureus, 8 

samples for E. coli and no samples for Salmonella sp. For  fish, S. aureus was isolated in 5 samples, 

E. coli in 8 samples and Salmonella sp. in 2 samples. And for the cheese samples, a total of 10 samples 

were found S. aureus, 5 samples, E. coli and absence of Salmonella sp. Based on the results found, there

is a need for permanent surveillance in the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, as well as educational actions on the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in the treatment of animal 

diseases, thus minimizing the risks of antimicrobial resistance in animal health and public health.

 Key words: Susceptibility to antimicrobials; Foods of animal origin; pathogenic microorganisms

The conjunctival flap is a surgical technique used in the treatment of deep corneal ulcers and descementoceles; it provides a protective coating to the cornea that takes blood vessels and fibroblasts to facilitate healing. Hydrodissection is a minimally invasive procedure of injecting fluid into an anatomical space to facilitate dissection during surgery. It is a technique described in the literature of many surgical specialties, but with little description in veterinary ophthalmology regarding conjunctival procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of conjunctival hydrodissection in dogs. This research was carried out in two phases, in phase I clinical trials, 20 eyes of healthy dogs were studied, and in phase II clinical trials, 17 eyes of dogs with deep corneal ulcers were studied. In both phases, patients were divided into two groups. In the group with hydrodissection, the conjunctival flap was prepared by means of a previous subconjunctival injection of 0.7 to 1 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, followed by pedicle preparation. In the group without hydrodissection, the pedicle was prepared by means of conventional divulsion with iris scissors. During the trans-operative period, the surgical time, the degree of hemorrhage, and the easiness of conjunctival dilatation were evaluated. In the postoperative period of both phases, the occurrence of blepharospasm, hyperemia, edema, and scarring of the conjunctiva were evaluated. In patients in the phase I clinical trials, a fragment of the conjunctiva was collected to assess the presence of Tenon's capsule. This step was not performed in phase II because the flap was sutured to the corneal defect. The hydrodissection technique optimized the confection of the conjunctival flaps, being a viable alternative for this type of procedure. The parameters evaluated in the trans and postoperative periods did not show any statistical difference between the groups in both phases of the research. In conclusion, the hydrodissection technique is a feasible maneuver in the making of conjunctival flaps, becoming a new option for the surgeon.

Keywords: corneal ulcer, divulsion, conjunctival hydrodissection

In endemic areas there have been increasing case reports of Leishmania spp. infection in domestic cats (Felis catus domesticus). The state of Maranhão, more specifically the city of São Luís, is an area with many cases of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis, but with few studies on the occurrence of infection in cats and how it clinically presents in this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and parasitic aspects of cats naturally infected by Leishmania spp. Thirty-six cats were screened from veterinary clinics and the Veterinary Hospital “Francisco Edilberto Uchôa Lopes”, in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, of which twenty animals were selected to compose the study groups. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis was performed through direct parasitological examination of aspirates from popliteal lymph nodes, cytology of skin lesions and bone marrow aspiration, and blood samples were also collected for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein and albumin). After obtaining the results of the diagnostic tests, the animals were divided into two groups: (GP) formed by ten animals positive for leishmaniasis, with or without clinical signs of the disease and (CG) composed of ten animals free of infection and clinically healthy. The data obtained were analyzed and stored in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for later statistical tests. Positivity was found in 12.5% (3/24) in the direct parasitological examination and 27.7% (10/36) in the qPCR of the bone marrow. All the positive cats for leishmaniasis presented three or more clinical signs, the most frequently observed were: dermatologic lesions, lymphadenomegaly, pale mucous membranes, ocular secretion and gingivostomatitis. In the analysis of hematological parameters, monocytosis was observed, with a statistically significant difference between the groups evaluated (p<0.05). In biochemical evaluations of infected animals, there was a significant increase in urea levels (p<0.05). The quantification of the parasite load in the bone marrow of the animals in the GP group varied from 11,050 to 72,680,000 parasites/mL, which was considered low to high. There was no positive correlation between the amount of clinical signs and the bone marrow parasite load (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups of oligosymptomatic and polysymptomatic cats and the amount of parasites in the bone marrow (p>0.05). Given this, the presence of the protozoan infecting domestic cats in the municipality of São Luís was verified, and realize the importance of the association of clinical findings for a better diagnosis and prognosis of leishmaniasis in cats.

 Keywords: feline leishmaniasis, clinical signs, parasite load

Leishmaniosis is a great public health problem and dogs are considered the main source of infection in urban areas. The disease develops in an complex dynamics that involves environmental, biological and ecological factors that allow the interaction between the vector and the host, besides socio economic factor such as poverty and lack of health sources. In Brazil it is present in 21 states mainly in the Northeastern. Maranhão state is endemic for the disease. The objective was to perform na epidemiological, spacial, molecular and serologial study of Leishmania infantum in domestic dogs in the municipality of Belágua, located in Maranhão state. A total of 205 blood samples were collected form November/2019 and February/2020, questionnaires were applied to the owners in order to obtain epidemiological data and risk factors of this zoonosis and geographic coordinates of the site of samples collection to make a risk map of the disease. For the diagnosis of Leishmania infantum the samples were submitted to the Indirect Imunifluorescence Test (IFAT) for serological diagnosis and DNA was extracted to perform the Polimerase Chain Recation (PCR) for molecular investigation. From the 205 samples collected 122 (59.51%) were seropositives for Leishmania infantum by IFAT, with titer varying from 80 to 1.280. One dog was positive for IFAT and PCR. In the clinical evaluation it was observed that from the seropositives dogs, 112 (91.80%) were symptomatic e 10 (5.46%) were asymptomatic. In the special analysis, the Kernel density estimator allowed to determine the local major risk for the disease occurrence being the areas of greater concentration of cases were in the neighborhoods of greater number of precarious houses and with lack of basic sanitation. The results demonstrated an association statistically significant ((p<0,05) for the variable presence of organic matter in the environment. This is the first report of L. infantum in dogs in the municipality of Belágua and it is important since it could be a increasing risk for human infection.

Keywords: Diagnosis, Maranhão, Neglected disease, Zoonosis.

The high consumption of bivalve mollusks in natura in coastal areas enables the occurrence of diseases transmitted by these foods, especially when the health of the fish produced is related to anthropogenic impacts on the estuaries. Thus, the present research aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of oysters and water both in natural beds and in oyster farms located on the Island of São Luís, MA. For this purpose, 60 samples were analyzed from September 2020 to February 2021, 30 of water and 30 of oysters (Crassostrea sp.) collected directly from shellfish farmers and farm owners in the municipalities of the Island of São Luís, MA. For the determination of total coliforms and E. coli in the water samples, the technique recommended by APHA (2012) was used using the Colilert® rapid method. For the enumeration of total and thermotolerant coliforms in oysters were performed by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and E. coli by the technique described by Vanderzant and Splittstoesser (1992). Enumeration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus in oysters was performed according to (SILVA et al., 2017). Salmonella sp., Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. enumeration in oysters were performed according to the methodologies recommended by APHA (2012), (CARNARHAN et al.,1991) and Bacteriological Analytical Manual online (ELLIOT, KAYSNER; TAMPLIN, 2004). The results in geometric mean count of E. coli in the water samples ranged from 604.29 to 1130.79 NMP/100ml demonstrating unsatisfactory microbiological quality. For the oysters, 8 (26.66%) of the 30 samples were unsuitable for consumption, 4 samples (13.33%) due to the presence of Salmonella sp. and 4 samples (13.33%) due to E. coli counts above the limits of the legislation. Thus, it is recommended the implementation of good handling practices, use of the purification technique and monitoring of water quality throughout the mollusk production chain.

 Keywords: Ostreiculture; Hygiene; Public health; Microorganisms.

Anaplasmosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma, is an important disease transmitted
by ticks that cause damage to livestock farms in many countries. Goats and sheep are
susceptible to infections by bacteria of this genus and have been widely reported in different
regions of the world. Despite the importance of this pathogen for animal health, little research
has been carried out in order to detect the occurrence of this pathogen in small ruminants in
Brazil. Thus, this research aimed to detect and determine the genetic diversity of Anaplasma
spp. in small ruminants and ticks from the Baixo Parnaíba Maranhense region. For this, blood
samples were collected from 161 animals, 70 sheep and 91 goats, from 4 municipalities in the
Baixo Parnaíba region, all clinically healthy at the time of collection. Blood smears, stained
with Giemsa, were made to observe inclusions of Anaplasma spp. by light microscopy. The
serum of sheep and goats was subjected to serological diagnostic methods, using ELISA,
recombinant membrane surface protein (MSP5) and blood, to the molecular diagnosis for the
detection of A. marginale using qPCR and cPCR. Positive samples were then sequenced and
then subjected to analysis of genetic diversity by RepeatAnalyzer program. Thus, it was not
possible to observe inclusions suggestive of Anaplasma spp. in any of the blood smears
analyzed. The serological survey detected the presence of anti-A. marginale antibodies in 18
animals (11.1%), with 2.8% goats and 17.5% sheep. It was possible to identify the DNA of A.
marginale in 2 sheep (1.24%) using qPCR. The sequencing analysis of the samples showed
identity percentages ranging from 90.97% to 98.79% with A. marginale, and with respect to
genetic diversity, two distinct strains were characterized, each in a different animal, never
reported in small ruminants, both belonging to the H genotype and with respect to genetic
diversity, two distinct strains were characterized, each in a different animal, never reported in
small ruminants, both belonging to the H genotype. High genetic diversity of the strains was
demonstrated among themselves and in the studied region. Based on the above, it was possible
to confirm the circulation of A. marginale in sheep and goats in the State of Maranhão, using
the serological and molecular approaches.
Keywords: Anaplasmosis; goat; sheeps; northeast

Babesiosis is a parasitic disease transmitted by ticks and caused by protozoa of the genus Babesia. It is generally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide and can affect several species of mammals, birds and reptiles. The disease has become increasingly important in Public Health, as it is a zoonosis, in addition to causing economic losses resulting from the involvement of farm animals, including goats and sheep. Specifically in small ruminants, three species have been widely detected: Babesia ovis, Babesia motasi and Babesia crassa, with B. ovis being the most pathogenic of the group, especially in sheep, which can even lead to death. Despite the notable importance of sheep and goats in the national socioeconomic scenario, especially in the northeastern region, the development of research on pathogens that can affect these herds, including studies on the occurrence of Babesia spp., are little reported or absent in the existing literature to date. Thus, the present study aimed to detect and identify Babesia spp. in sheep and goats from the Baixo Parnaíba microregion, eastern Maranhão, through direct microscopy and PCR assays, and determine their phylogenetic relationships with related species based on the analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequence. Thus, blood samples were collected from 70 sheep and 91 goats from the municipalities of Chapadinha, Brejo, Anapurus and Mata Roma. The collected material was subjected to direct and molecular microscopic diagnostic methods, using the polymerase chain reaction of the 18S rRNA gene, conserved among Babesia species. No evolutionary forms of Babesia spp. on any of the 161 blood smear slides analyzed. However, with respect to molecular detection, positive amplification of Babesia spp. was observed in 64 tested samples. The findings of this study show, for the first time, the molecular detection of Babesia spp. in goats and sheep in Maranhão and Brazil.

 Key words: Babesia spp.; goats; sheep; PCR; Maranhão.

The genus Borrelia is composed of three phylogenetic groups: Borrelia spp. from the Lyme group, Borrelia spp. from the Recurrent Fever group and Borrelia associated with reptiles. Borrelia spp. are arthropod-borne spirochetes that use a variety of vertebrate hosts as reservoirs to fully or partially complete their life cycle. Thus, diseases that have ticks as vectors should be researched in order to understand zoonoses, such as relapsing fever transmitted by ticks and Lyme borreliosis. Studying the frequency of positive animals, as a way of exercising epidemiological surveillance, especially in cases of zoonoses, is important, since some species of domestic animals such as dogs can act as sentinels for the disease. Thus, the objective was to find bacteria of the genus Borrelia in blood samples from domestic dogs in the municipality of Belágua, belonging to the Mesoregion East Maranhense. A cross-sectional study was carried out with domesticated dogs of both sexes, preferably aged from 6 months. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the owners of the animals in order to obtain information related to the handling and behavior of the animal. On average, 5mL of blood were collected from 206 dogs. For Borrelia DNA research, nested-PCR was performed. The first reaction amplifies a fragment with 665 base pairs, and the second reaction is the nested-PCR, which amplifies a fragment with 354 base pairs. For all reactions Borrelia anserina strain PL was used as a positive control. The total population of this study consisted of dogs domiciled in the urban area. As for sex, the number of females was 109 (52.9%) and males 97 (47%). It was found that there are no significant differences regarding the male and female ratio (p>0.05). As for the age group, 56 (27.1%) of the canine population were aged less than or equal to 12 months. Animals aged one to three years constituted 72.8% (150) of the population. As for hunting activities, 86.3% do not carry out this activity in the municipality of Belágua. Borrelia DNA amplification was not detected in any of the collected blood samples, thus understanding that the dogs were not actively infected by Borrelia spp. at the time of collection. In view of the findings, a suggestion for future research is the need to perform serological tests in the studied samples to detect antibodies to Borrelia immunogenic protein A (BipA) and anti-glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) to know if dogs in the region were exposed to relapsing fever group borreliae, which may be useful in evaluating the dog's role as a sentinel for tick-borne recurrent fever.

Keywords: Borrelia spp. Dogs. tick-borne relapsing fever. Lyme borreliosis. Maranhão

Kinosternon scorpioides is a species of chelonian that represents an important natural resource for the subsistence of Amazonian riverside community, in addition to being a special delicacy of regional cuisine in the North and Northeast of Brazil. On the other hand, captive breeding has been advocated as an alternative to mitigate predatory hunting, which is why this species has been suffering a gradual imbalance in its effective population due to uncontrolled capture. However, knowledge about nutrition of chelonian still lacks information. One of the limiting factors for the adoption of more efficient zootechnical protocols is the lack of balanced food. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeds prepared with different levels of crude protein applied to the species Kinosternon scorpioides bred in captivity as a strategy to obtain information that can be used in future studies of commercial breeding based on the normative instruction 07/2015 from IBAMA. The experiment was conducted at the Scientific Breeding Center for Research in Kinosternon scorpioides, located in the Veterinary Medicine Course building of the Maranhão State University/UEMA, for 90 days. Forty animals were used in a randomized block experimental design, with five treatments and four replications, fed with experimental diets with Crude Protein (CP) levels of 20, 24, 28 and 36%. Control group was offered commercial fish feed with 32% CP. It was observed that the animals that received diets at 36% CP had greater weight gain (P<0.05), better feed conversion and consumption, while the contents of 20 and 24% CP were lower than the other treatments in all analyzed variables. Biometric characteristics and weight of juveniles were positive in animals fed with 36% crude protein, with competitive and viable production costs in zootechnical production actions. Commercial breeding of Kinosternon scorpioides in captivity and the study of more efficient management protocols enable actions aimed at its conservation, in addition to improving the species' captive breeding system.

Keywords: Feed, Chelonians, Animal Nutrition, Conservation, Wildlife.

Dairy production is of great importance to the country's economy. Consumption of dairy products has been increasing on an increasing scale. Milk has an average composition of 87% water, 3.3% casein and whey proteins, 4.6% lactose, 4.4% fat, 0.7% minerals, 0.17%. of salts and 0.13% vitamins and enzymes. Because it is rich in nutrients, milk and its derivatives are subject to various changes, which can be verified from sensory, microbiological and physicochemical parameters. These analyzes allow to evaluate the productive chain, being important for the food safety to the consumer. Thus the objective of this work was to analyze the physicochemical quality of raw and pasteurized milk, yogurt and cheese produced and marketed by the Codó Milk Producers Association in the Codó-MA Region. The study area consisted of 20 rural properties and the milk processing plant of the municipality of Codó. The following physicochemical analyzes, alizarol test, titratable acidity, pH, proteins, fat content, density, total dry extract (EST), defatted dry extract (ESD), ashes and ash alkalinity were performed. for detection of fraud, acidity neutralizers, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, starch, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, sucrose and chlorides screening in raw and pasteurized milk samples. Cheese and yogurt were collected from the milk processing plant and titratable acidity, pH, protein, volatile moisture, total solids, ashes and lipids were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters for raw milk presented non-compliance with the legislation, while for pasteurized milk presented conformity, no adulterating substances were found in the raw and pasteurized milk, some parameters for the cheese were in disagreement with the legislation and the label, and the parameters for yogurt were in compliance with the legislation, but in disagreement with the packaging.

 Key words: Dairy Products, Physical - Chemical Parameters, Fraud

The equinoculture embryo transfer (ET) is the most widespread reproductive biotechnology in the species, where the availability of receptors suitable for this technique during the breeding season represents one of the main challenges for reproductive centers. The aim of the present study was to promote the utilization of anestrus embryo recipients by synchronization with the administration of estradiol cypionate followed by injectable altrenogest, thus proposing a new synchronization protocol. It considered in anestrous (acyclic) the recipients with follicles up to 15 mm or absence of these, as well as absence of uterine edema and corpus luteum, and cyclic those that showed presence of preovulatory follicle and / or CL. Anestrous recipients received 2mL Estradiol Cypionate (5 mg / mL) on the first day and an additional 1 mL intramuscularly on the following day. On the third day after uterine edema scale 3, 3mL altrenogest (75mg / mL) was administered. mL) also intramuscularly, in this group the ET was performed five, six or seven days (D5, D6 or D7) after receiving the injectable altrenogest. In cyclic recipients, synchronization with donors was performed by induction of ovulation with HCG in mares with follicles ≥ 40 mm in diameter and satisfactory edema (scale 3). Grade 1, 2 and 3 embryos were transferred at six, seven or eight days of development. The pregnancy diagnosis was made at fifteen days of the embryo and followed up until thirty days of gestation. Statistical evaluation was performed using the Fischer test with a probability of 5%. There was no significant difference between the gestation rates of treated and untreated mares at 15 and 30 days of gestation. When comparing the day of ET after treatment with altrenogest, no difference was also observed on days five, six and seven. When evaluating the day of embryo collection, at 15 days of gestation, 80% and 92.3% were obtained for the treated and untreated groups, respectively, differing statistically from each other. Cyclic recipients had a higher pregnancy rate than the treated group (p <0.05%) when receiving grade 1 embryos on transfer. It was concluded that pregnancy was similar between cyclic and acyclic recipients, but the proposed protocol with two administrations of estradiol cyprionate associated with a single dose of altrenogest can be an alternative for the use of anestrus embryo receptor mares.

Keywords: Altrenogest. Estradiol cypionate. Recipient mares. Anestrus. Embryo transfer

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a chronic anthropozoonosis of progressive character whose etiological agent is the obligate intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. Animals affected by this disease may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, manifesting a diverse range of clinical signs. Amastigote forms of Leishmania may have a wide distribution in dog tissue, which may result in atypical clinical manifestations, such as neurological disorders, resulting from central nervous system (CNS) involvement. These manifestations are usually the result of an exacerbated inflammatory response to infection, which determines the deposition of immune complexes in these organs, suggesting that these signals are the result of an imbalance of the host immune response. There are few studies in the literature demonstrating CNS involvement in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the tissue immunopathological changes that occurred in the spinal cord of naturally infected dogs with CVL, determining and characterizing the possible histopathological changes that occurred in the spinal cord, emphasizing the immunohistochemical, histopathological and molecular characteristics. To this end, we collected fragments of the spinal cord corresponding to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar portions of 20 dogs of both sexes, naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Macroscopically, no spinal cord injuries were observed in any of the animals evaluated in this study. Histopathological analysis showed alterations in spinal cord tissues of 13 animals, and the lesions observed were characterized as discrete and multifocal and, most of them, degenerative in nature, characterized as central chromatolysis, satelitosis and vacuolization of the neuropile (Wallerian degeneration). In immunohistochemistry, it was possible to detect Leishmania sp. in the spinal cord of 5 dogs and, through qPCR, parasite DNA was detected in at least two portions (cervical, thoracic and / or lumbar) of the spinal cord of the analyzed animals. This study demonstrates that dogs' spinal cord can be affected during Leishmania infection and that the lesions, when present, are microscopic.

Keywords: CVL. Spinal cord. qPCR. IHC

The process of bat urbanization has been growing and it is believed that this occurs due to forest fragmentation, this process possibly leads to the reduction of the size of diverse populations, the disappearance of species that require large areas to survive and the approximation of these wild animals to humans. In this context, the objective was to identify the species of the Molossidae family that occur in urban perimeters in the municipalities of Caxias, Codó and Chapadinha in eastern Maranhão, as well as to infer their geographical distribution. The collections were made in two day and night expeditions in each municipality, the expeditions had a duration of three days / nights lasting six hours in night collections (18:00 to 00:00 hs), three hours day collections (11: 00 at 14:00). The daytime collections were active collections in house linings and night collections were performed passive collections using mist nets. In the collected bats the morphological characteristics were measured, 19 craniometric measurements were measured and 597 base pairs of the COI gene were used to identify the urban species. Three genera and four species were identified by morphology: Molossus rufus, Molossus molossus, Molossops temminckii, Eumops glaucinus. The observation of craniometric variation by principal component analysis (PCA) proved the distinction of these species. Regarding molecular data, although barcode confirms the identification of M. rufus, M. molossus and E. glaucinus species, phylogenetic analyzes were not sufficient to discriminate them as independent taxonomic units. The length reached by M. rufus was about 480 km in addition to the species collected in Codó; M. molossus in about 720 km in addition to the species collected in Chapadinha; E. glaucinus about 770 km in addition to the species collected at Codó; being for this the first record for state of Maranhão and for M. temminckii there is record in this region. The species M. rufus, M. molossus, M. temminckii and E. glaucinus were found in artificial shelters such as: ceilings, attics, basements and crevices between walls. The most abundant species recorded in this study were M. molossus and the shelter with the highest number of catches was the house linings. The results obtained by morphology allow to conclude that for urban areas in eastern Maranhão occur the species M. rufus, M. molossus, M. temminckii and E. glaucinus. The craniometric measurements corroborate the morphology proving the distinction between these species, however. The barcode DNA corroborated the morphological identification of Eumops glaucinus, but the results for the species of the Molossus genus were not sufficient to discriminate them as independent taxonomic units. The occurrence of M. rufus, M. molossus and E. glaucinus in this study represents the first record for the urban environment in eastern Maranhão, revealing the artificial shelters: ceilings, attics, basements and crevices between walls as conducive places for their dwellings bats.

Key words: Biodiversity, Shelter, ADN

A very important factor in maintaining life is food, and due to the increase in the world population, this becomes a worrying factor. Thus, fish farming can be an alternative and a solution to the problem of lack of natural resources and food. The practice of fish production as a complement to the supply of food to people has been used for hundreds of years with its gradual development and through the basic need for food. Due to the growth in activity, fish farming has guaranteed space as an alternative income for the rural area, this fact is due to the favorable availability of large territorial extension for this area and which leads to believe that fish farming can make an important contribution to leverage the generation of jobs and income for the entire state. From the point of view of the adopted technical procedures, it is possible to classify the research as a documentary bibliography with data collection in primary and secondary sources. Data were collected at AGERP and AGED. In the documentary research, information was collected for the years 2015 to 2019, which represents information regarding production, cultivated species, percentage of animals transported with GTA, transport in accordance with the legislation. The State Agency for Agricultural Research and Rural Extension of Maranhão (AGERP), created by Law No. 8,562 of December 28, 2006, published in the Official Gazette of the State of Maranhão (DOEMA) on 12/28/2006, aims to cover agriculture small agriculture, socializing new technologies and providing intensive and continuous technical assistance, aiming at diversification, integration, increased production and productivity in the agricultural sector. The State Agricultural Defense Agency (AGED) ensures the supply of quality products of animal and vegetable origin to the population, through Defense and Agricultural Inspection, acting in the promotion of public health and the environment. Develops its actions through 18 Regional Units based in the municipalities of Rosário, Itapecuru, Chapadinha, Codó, Caxias, Presidente Dutra, Santa Inês, Zé Doca, Viana, Pinheiro, Bacabal, Quarries, Barra do Corda, Imperatriz, Açailândia, Balsas and São João dos Patos, as well as the headquarters in São Luís, serving 217 municipalities in Maranhão. The properties are characterized in particular properties. Fish farming is practiced throughout the state, for example, in the municipality of Paulo Ramos, neighboring the municipalities of Olho d'Água das Cunhãs, Lago da Pedra and Altamira do Maranhão, and is located 13 km north-west of Lago da Pedra, the largest city on the outskirts, is responsible for 50% of production, but in the city of Santa Rita it is concentrated, totaling 34% of the animals produced. Regarding the purpose of rearing, 58% are destined for rearing and fattening. In relation to previous years, 2017 stood out with 34% of the production transported legally with GTA, 11 species are grown in the state of Maranhão 10 are native species, such as Tilápia, Tambaqui, Pirarucu, Common carp, Piraíba, Pirarara, Pacu, Dourado, Surubim, Tucunaré. The species that stood out in production was the Tambaqui colossoma macropomum. According to the research results, the quantity of fish sent to other states, the distribution of the destination of Maranhão production by units is 71% for the state of Pará. In relation to the cities that send fish, Senador La Rocque-MA is responsible for the largest quantity of fish, with 32%. Regarding the purpose of the fish, 81% of the fish are sent to other states for breeding and fattening. Considering the divergence of information from public agencies in the state of Maranhão, the fish farming sector has been growing and showing the social and economic importance in the state. In addition, it would meet the community's desire, guaranteeing ways of managing natural resources and, consequently, cultural reproduction, maintaining the socio-environmental diversity of the fish-producing cities of Maranhão.

Keywords: Fish farming. Native fish. Fish culture statistics.

The animals may be exposed to trauma and thus injure the largest existing organ, the skin, triggering continuity solutions with extensive tissue loss, resulting in healing in an attempt to restore its functional integrity. Healing is a phenomenon by which the body tends to repair an injured portion. It involves the integration of a set of chemical, physical and biological responses that are characterized by platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, fibrin formation, inflammatory reaction to trauma, vascular proliferation and surface cover recomposition, thus ensuring homeostasis of the organism. Studies prove that the mechanism of healing of allantoin occurs via control of the inflammatory response and stimuli to fibroblast proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix, demonstrating to be able to improve and accelerate the process of skin reconstitution. Therefore, considering the important role of skin wounds as a gateway to disease, the scarcity of data regarding the efficacy of allantoin in wound healing in goats is the purpose of this study, and its general objective is to evaluate the macroscopic aspects of wound healing. in ruminants treated with allantoin. Fifteen female SRD goats were used, ranging in age from 12 to 48 months, and kept for 30 days in confinement on the same property, beginning on September 21, 2018 to October 22, 2018. The animals were separated into three groups: the first allantoin group (GA), the second ointment group (GP) and the third was the control group (GC). Macroscopic evaluations were performed on the 2nd, 6th, 10th and 14th postoperative day. In the obtained results, the three experimental groups presented different characteristics throughout the treatment, being the Control Group and the Ointment Group the less efficient groups than the Allantoin Group, being observed advantages in this Allantoin Group during the 14 days of treatment in the skin lesions of the animals, with good reepithelialization and scab formation, assisting in the healing process. Based on the macroscopic evaluations, it can be concluded that the use of allantoin for the treatment of cutaneous wounds in small ruminants is satisfactory, since it was possible to demonstrate its cicatricial action through the macroscopic evaluation performed therapeutic advantege, presenting good adhesion characteristic to the cutaneous lesion of the animal due to its pharmaceutical form, having repellent prospeties , inducing the formation of crusts and an efficient tissue re-epithelization capacity.

Key words: Goats, Healing, Picrosirius, Allantoin.

Morinda citrifolia, or noni, is a plant that has several therapeutic uses reported and has demonstrated effects in clinical studies in human ophthalmology, but its general effects in veterinary ophthalmology are unknown, and the active fractions that generate them have not been identified. In addition, therapeutic options for the treatment of ocular conditions do not always adequately address the resolution of cases, and it is necessary to study new therapy alternatives, feasible for application in this specialty. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate the effects of standardized M. citrifolia extracts on healthy eyes of rabbits. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits with no ophthalmic conditions and no concurrent conditions will be divided into three groups of six rabbits who received oral treatment of the standard M. citrifolia extracts every 12 hours for 7 days: G1 (treated with 300mg of M. citrifolia crude extract), G2 (treated with 30 mg of M. citrifolia extract acetate fraction) and G3 (treated with 30 mg of M. citrifolia extract aqueous fraction). The animals were submitted to clinical ophthalmic evaluations prior to treatment and every 12 hours for a week. Parameters were evaluated for blepharospasm, congestion, corneal edema, chemosis, corneal ulceration, iris color and appearance, synechiae, presence of fibrin or membranes in the anterior chamber, clinical flare and vitreoretinal alterations. Subjective qualitative parameters were evaluated by a mild, moderate and severe Nihill scale. Quantitative parameters, such as Intraocular Pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter and lacrimal production, were evaluated at each moment. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the acetate fraction has the purest compounds. Noni is expected to produce no toxic or allergic effects on the eye and to exhibit an effect that may potentially be used in the therapy of eye diseases.

The dairy activity plays an important role in the socioeconomic development of Codó-MA region. Its dairy basin has great potential for the development of modern dairy farming, as it is used for a territorial extension, and has favorable climate and relief. Considering the importance of dairy farming for Codó region, this study objective to determine the microbiological quality of milk, cheese and yogurt as well as for the water used in the Codó water basins. Visits were made to the twenty properties that used milk for milk industry. Forty dimensions of raw milk and twenty dimensions of water used for milking were collected. These collections of raw milk and water were made in two steps so that it was possible to verify if there were changes in the results of the analyzes after conducting an educational work with managers on good production practices. Two samples of pasteurized milk, two cheese samples, and two yoghurt samples were collected directly from dairy. The results obtained for coliforms at 35ºC in samples of raw and pasteurized milk, yogurt and cheese ranged from 7.2 to >1100MPN/ml; and for coliforms at 45º C, the results were <3.0 to >1100MPN/ml. Positive coagulase Staphylococcus was detected in one cheese sample and in 22.5% (n = 9) of raw milk samples and lack of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp in 100% of the samples. The values selected for microbiological analysis of water samples using the Colillert and Simplat method, ranging from 4.1 to >2419.6NMP/100ml for coliforms at 35ºC and >1146NMP/100/ml for heterotrophic microphone analysis in all ranges and 40 % (n = 8) of Escherichia coli samples presented ranging from 2.0 to 60.9/NMP/100ml. Microbiologically, as samples of raw milk, pasteurized milk, cheese and yogurt, which contain very high amounts of coliforms between 35°C and 45°C, which may be directly related to farming and handling practices. Regarding the analysis of pathogens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp, the results are shown in accordance with current legislation, which determines the absence of these two pathogens in food. Given these results, there is a need for more rigor with a hygienic-sanitary part and the implementation of good agricultural practices in order to ensure more quality and safety to milk and its derivatives.

Key words: analyze, dairy products, microorganisms

In vitro production (IVP) is included in the third generation of assisted reproduction technologies and consists of the interaction between sperm and oocyte outside the female reproductive tract, with the formation of a new individual. However, several intraovarian factors that regulate the stages of development, follicular maturation and ovulation are still unknown and may be responsible for some failures of such biotechniques. Renin-Angiotensin System peptides, such as angiotensin (1-7), which have had their presence, production and some effects described in the ovaries) but still have poorly understood functions. New perspectives on the factors that influence the quality of the embryos produced and the mechanisms involved in the maturation from the addition of different angiotensin (1-7) concentrations in the bovine IVP. Ovarian follicles were aspirated and the COCs were distributed among four treatments: Control (C), 10-1 (T1), 10-3 (T2), 10-5 μM (T3) angiotensin (1-7) in the maturation medium. in vitro to verify the stages of meiosis and embryonic development. The addition of angiotensin peptide (1-7) in the in vitro maturation medium did not provide higher metaphase II rates than the Control group. In embryonic development, angiotensin (1-7) did not improve cleavage or the amount of total embryos, the 10-1µM group provided superior amount of initial blastocysts. However, further analysis is needed to elucidate the actions performed by angiotensin (1-7) in the in vitro production of bovine embryos.

Dogs infected with Leishmania chagasi present locomotor disorders as atypical signs associated with the disease. The objective of this research was to characterize, through radiographic and histopathological examination, osteoarticular changes and to identify a presence of the parasite in the synovial fluid by direct parasitological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the femorotibiopatellar, radiocarpal, and emorotibiopatellar joints. and tibiotáricas of naturally infected dogs. For this purpose, 30 positive dogs for visceral leishmaniasis were used by means of the DPPLVC (Bio-Manguinhos) immunochromatography test and confirmed by the direct screening test using medullary biological material, zoonosis surveillance unit (UVZ) test 53,55% of the samples were male and 46.67% dogs, being 63.33% dogs of no defined breed. To date, 40% of animals may use clinical signs related to the locomotor system, with lameness and arthralgia being the most frequent. In parasitological evaluation of synovial fluid, amastigote forms of Leishmania sp. in 10% of the sample, being an animal identified or parasitized in four joints. Radiographically, several lesions were observed, with osteolysis and bone proliferation being the most frequent injuries so far, in 60% of the sample, with a tendency to bilateral involvement in the joints. From the partial results obtained, it can be inferred that the joints of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi may affect different lesions seen onradiographic examination and that parasites are found in the synovial fluid of animals. This demonstrates the importance of evaluating the locomotor system in dogs from endemic regions for a visceral leishmaniasis dog and, therefore, includes the differential diagnosis of osteoarticular diseases, and clinical tests should be considered, for example, lameness.

ABSTRACT
In 2013 it was reported for the first time in the State of Maranhão ticks of the Amblyomma
maculatum complex, in the meso-region of Baixada Maranhense. The life cycle of these
ectoparasites in this region, as well as associated hosts, remains unknown. All stages of life of this
tick specie can transmit the Rickettsia, including species belonging to the spotted fever group (SFG),
one of the most important diseases transmitted by ticks that has as its main vector, ticks of the
Amblyomma genus. The aim of this study was report the occurrence of the life stages of these ticks
in Baixada Maranhense, its hosts and its relation with Rickettsia. Five expeditions were conducted
with 3 months of intervals between them. Through traps and manual containment, blood samples
and ticks were collected from small wild mammals and domestic mammals. The serum samples
were tested for the following species of Rickettsia: Rickettsia rickettsii cepa Taiaçu, Rickettsia
parkeri cepa At24, Rickettsia amblyommatis cepa Ac37, Rickettsia rhipicephali cepa HJ5 e
Rickettsia bellii cepa Mogi, by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Durant all expeditions the
dragging of flannels were performed. Through mist nets wild birds were collected and ticks presence
were inspected. Dogs, horses, swine and one a rodent of the genus Rattus showed sorological
positive (titer > 64), with titles rangin, for at least one species of Rickettsia. The buffaloes and cattle
samples were negative. Dogs, horses, pigs and cattle were parasitized by adult forms of A.
maculatum sensu lato ticks. Birds of the species Ammodramus humeralis had parasitism by
immature forms of A. maculatum s. l. Adult and immature stages of A. maculatum s. l. were collected
by dragging of flannels during four of the five campaigns. Molecular tests for the detection of
Rickettsia in specimens A. maculatum s. l. were negative.

ABSTRACT

The improvement in reproductive efficiency in the Brazilian cattle herd has a significant economic impact. The in vitro production of embryos is a biotechnology widely used in Brazil that allows the increase of animals per year through the transfer of embryos obtained in the laboratory. However, excessive production of oxygen reactive species by the technique results in cellular damage to oocytes and embryos, leading to apoptosis due to oxidative stress. The use of antioxidants during in vitro maturation, fertilization and cultivation processes reduces the effects of oxygen reactive species. The antioxidant properties of Morinda citrifolia fruits are due to the presence of substances such as phenolic compounds, especially quercetin. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of Morinda citrifolia on the cellular and molecular aspects of the in vitro maturation stage of bovine oocytes. A total of 817 viable oocytes were obtained for in vitro maturation, distributed for treatments with Morinda citrifolia and control groups. After the maturation stage, the rate of oocytes matured by the Hoescht 33342 technique was determined. Some oocytes were evaluated for apoptosis genes, genes for measuring the antioxidant action of Morinda citrifolia and oxidative stress through mRNA expression in the technique of qRT-PCR. The data from research one indicate that Morinda citrifolia has antiapoptotic effect during in vitro maturation.

Key-words: Antioxidant; in vitro production; Morinda citrifolia.

ABSTRACT
TITLE: EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR CANINE CUTANEOUS MASTOCYTOMA: Clinical, cytopathological and histopathological aspects. A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the indicators for the prognosis of canine cutaneous mastocytoma, through clinical, cytopathological and histopathological exams. This study evaluated 49 animals treated at the Veterinary Hospital Francisco Edilberto Uchoa Lopes da UEMA, São Luís, during the period from January 2017 to August 2018. Dogs were included without restriction of sex, age or race, with cytological diagnosis of mastocytoma, susceptible to surgical excision of the formation, and dogs with confirmed diagnosis for mastocytoma by histopathological examination after surgical excision. Of the three who had metastasis were diagnosed with grade II. During the period of monitoring of the animals, a total of five deaths were recorded, of which one was diagnosed with grade III and the other with grade II. The other animals presented low grade neoplasia, thus having a favorable prognosis. It was not possible to correlate the cytological and histopathological examination, because of the 47 animals submitted to the cytology examination, only eight dogs collected biopsy samples. Regarding the treatment was observed 83.67% did not perform treatment due to lack of recourse or negligence on the part of the tutor.
KEYWORDS: Mastocytoma. Histopathological graduation. Cytopathology.

ABSTRACT
The species of the genus Trypanosoma are protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae, whose biological cycle develops alternately in mammals and reduvídeos insects. Little is known about which of these parasites are present in the bats of Maranhão and what their role in the maintenance of trypanosomatids in wild and peridomiciliary cycles. The objective was to verify the presence of Trypanosoma parasites that circulate in bats from the municipalities of. The animals were captured in two campaigns, the first in April / 2017 and the second in March / 2018, each of 07 days. For the collections, eight mist networks were used, which were set up from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. and inspected at 30 minute intervals, after isolation of trypanosome species. Blood samples collected were seeded in tubes containing a culture medium biphasic The obtained blood was used to make three blood smear blades per sample, which were stained with Giemsa and analyzed under the light microscope. For molecular analyzes blood, spleen and liver samples from euthanized animals were collected. DNA extraction was performed according to the protocol established by the GeneJet Genomic DNA Purification Kit and amplification was performed using the molecular markers V7V8 and gGAPDH. A total of 82 bats were captured. No parasites were identified in the blood smears, but there were 4 positive cultures for Trypanosoma, although they did not establish themselves. 57 tissue samples (blood, spleen and liver) from the municipalities of Turiaçu and Candido Mendes were analyzed and of these 25 were positive for the trypanosomate DNA barcoding (V7V8) of SSU rDNA genes. Subsequently these 25 samples were tested for the gGAPDH gene and 11 samples were positive. The diversity of species, the constant presence of bats in the studied areas and the meeting of positive animals shows the ecological importance of the bats and the fact that they should not be excluded as potential reservoirs for trypanosomatids of medical interest
Keywords: Amazon,bats,trypanosomatids

ABSTRACT

The Mirador State Park is a Conservation Unit of the Cerrado biome considered the second largest in the country in which there are about 1,000 residents and added to them their domestic animal breeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of domestic animals in Mirador State Park and to verify which parameters influence its occurrence. For this purpose, the photographic traps were installed at distances of 500-800 m, considering the species, time, date and number of individuals to calculate the abundance of these species. In addition, data were obtained from the environmental parameters and the detection history for the years 2014-2015 and 2018 was created in order to perform the occupancy analyzes. According to photographic traps, pigs were the most abundant domestic animals (8.42 ind / 100 day traps) during the period 2014-2015 and asinines (4.01 ind / 100 day traps) during the year of 2018. The distance to water was the variable that most influenced the occupation of domestic animals, followed by the variable distance to houses.

Keywords: Monitoring, invasive species, Mirador State Park, environmental variables, occupancy.

ABSTRACT

Histopathological analysis and expression of Toll 2 and 4 receptors in the placenta of mice experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii in different gestational thirds Failures in conception such as abortion, fetal death and congenital defects may be associated with infectious agents and, in this context, Toxoplasma gondii plays a major role. Given the importance of the placenta in pregnancy and T. gondii infection during gestation, we standardized a murine model pregnant orally infected with 20 tissue cysts of the T. gondii strain ME-49, to analyze histopathologically and to evaluate the expression of TLR 2 and 4 in the placenta, in three different moments of gestation. 19 mating cycles were performed, totalizing 26 pregnant females divided into 4 experimental groups; (G1) control group with pregnant and uninfected females; (G2) pregnant females inoculated in the first gestational third; (G3) pregnant females inoculated in the third gestational third, and (G4) pregnant females inoculated in the third third of gestation. In histopathological analyzes of the placenta and the brains of the females it was possible to observe inflammatory infiltrate and areas of necrosis, especially in infected animals in the second third of gestation. It was possible to detect T. gondii DNA by conventional PCR in the brain of only one infected female in the first gestational third, as well as the expression of TLR 2 and 4 in the placenta was more evidenced in infected animals at the beginning of gestation. In this way, we demonstrated that the murine model is efficient for studies related to congenital toxoplasmosis and that the changes observed histopathologically are dependent on the time of infection. Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, placenta, qPCR, Toll

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do suco do fruto de Morinda citrifolia (noni) em macrófagos RAW 264.7 e no modelo experimental murino de inflamação aguda induzida por λ–carragenina. Nos ensaios in vitro foram utilizados macrófagos RAW 264.7 tratados com suco de noni nas concentrações de 125, 250 e 500 μg/mL e estimulados com LPS, com posterior análise da produção de nitrito e citotoxidade. Nos ensaios in vivo foram realizados os modelos de edema de pata e peritonite induzida por λ–carragenina em camundongos BALB/c submetidos ao tratamento com suco de M. citrifolia nas concentrações de 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg, ou dexametasona (5 mg/kg). No modelo de edema de pata, foi avaliada a redução do edema, enquanto no modelo de peritonite, foram avaliados a contagem celular total do lavado peritoneal e do sangue, além dos níveis de IL-1β no soro. Na avaliação in vitro do suco de M. citrifolia não foi observada toxicidade nas concentrações e/ou estimulações trabalhadas. Quanto à dosagem de nitrito, os macrófagos tratados com o suco na concentração de 500 µg/mL apresentaram menor produção de óxido nítrico. No edema de pata induzido por λ–carregenina, as concentrações 250, 500 mg/kg e 1g/kg do suco produziram uma redução do edema de respectivamente 38,46%, 46,66% e 52,82%, no intervalo de quatro horas. Na peritonite induzida por λ-carragenina, os animais tratados com o suco do fruto de M. citrifolia na concentração de 1000 mg/kg apresentaram uma redução significativa no número de leucócitos, demonstrando a atividade anti-inflamatória do suco do fruto de M. citrifolia. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem concluir que o suco do noni possui atividade anti-inflamatória dose dependente, sendo a concentração de 1000 mg/kg mais eficiente.

ABSTRACT HISTOLOGICAL BRAIN HISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF Pimelodus blochii, Pimelodina flavipinnis (SILURIFORMES: PIMELODIDAE) AND Amazonian Psectrogaster (CHARACIFOMES: CURIMATIDAE) AND PARASITARY DIVERSITY OF MONOGENOIDEA OF Amazonian Psectrogaster DO MÉDIO RIO TOCANTINS Biomarkers are a tool that has been used successfully to help the monitoring of areas with degradation potential. In this context, fish gills are the first direct and continuous contact organs with the possible contaminant and therefore they are a crucial organ in this type of study. At the same time, freshwater fish parasites have great potential to be used as indicators of changes in the aquatic environment because they are sensitive to a range of environmental disturbances. The objective of this work is to investigate the presence of branchial lesions in fish of the Characiformes and Siluriformes family and to evaluate the presence of Monogenoidea parasites of Characiformes captured in the middle Tocantins River, thus contributing to the monitoring of the waters of the Middle Tocantins River and to the knowledge of biodiversity of the helminthological fauna of Brazil. The fish were collected in the Middle Rio Tocantins. The hosts were identified and examined in the Parasitology laboratory of UEMASUL. The gills for histology were processed according to specific protocol for HE protocol. For monogenoidea diversity studies, the gills were conditioned in flasks and fixed in 70% alcohol heated to 70ºC and sent to the Laboratory of Parasite Helminths of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, where the helminths were collected and processed according to specific methodology for the group. In the month of January, corresponding to the rainy season, three species were collected for histological investigation of gills, Pimelodina flavipinnis (n = 3), Pimelodus blochii (n = 3) and Psectrogaster amazonica (n = 3). In the dry period, 58 specimens of the species Psectrogaster amazonica were collected, 52 specimens being used for the study of Monogenoidea diversity and 6 for gill histological investigation. The main histological changes observed in the rainy season were: hyperplasia, filamentous epithelial detachment, partial and total melting of the secondary lamellae, congestion, aneurysm and shortening of the lamellae. Regarding the dry period, the main lesions observed were: rupture of the epithelium, aneurysm, hyperplasia and necrosis. For the study of the diversity of Monogenoidea, 52 specimens of P. amazonica were collected, of which 21 (42.3%) were parasitized by at least one Monogenoidea species, and a total of 79 parasites were collected: specimens of Cacatuocotyle sp., Curvianchoratus singularis , Dactylogyridae gene. sp., Urocleidoides sp. and specimens of Urocleidoides triangulum. In this work, P. amazonica is recorded as a new host for C. singularis and U. triangulum and the Tocantins Araguaia basin represents a new geographical distribution record for these two species. Considering the ichthyological diversity of the Tocantins River, the present study will contribute to increase and expand the knowledge of these helminths in fish of the region and will provide the knowledge of the branchial condition, essential organ for the health of the fish, and consequently implications on the quality of the waters of Rio Tocantins.

Keywords: Gills; Parasites of freshwater fish; Tocantins-Araguaia Basin

Rabbit breeding is less widespread in Brazil compared to other productive activities, but it is constantly growing due to the quality of meat, management facilities, food, high prolificacy, use in research and as pets. Studies in small animals involving diagnosis by imaging are common, however, they are still scarce when it comes to the clinical routine leporina. The purpose of this study was to determine the ultrasound pattern of the abdominal and spectral organs of the abdominal aorta and renal artery. Fifteen rabbits with no racial pattern were used, four males and 11 females, weighing between 2.8kg and 4.0kg, from the rabbit nucleus of the Department of Zootechnics, State University of Maranhão. After the abdominal trichotomy was performed, the animals were placed in dorsal decubitus, where conduction gel was used to reduce artefacts in the images. For the study, a Z6 Mindray ultrasound was used with a microconvex transducer with 7.5 MHz multi-frequency. After analysis of the images, it was verified that the liver had homogeneous texture and hypoechogenic echogenicity, being verified in 33% of the animals heterogeneous ecotexture. The wall of the hyperechoic gallbladder, with anechoic and homogeneous contents. The spleen presented hypoechogenic echogenicity (26.6%), isoecoic (40%) and hyperechogenic (33.3%) when compared to the liver. The left kidney had mean values of AxBxC regarding length, height and thickness, respectively. The same variables for the right kidney were DxExF. Bladder thickness presented a mean of 0.17cm with its anecogenic content in 74% and 26% containing echogenic structures. The left and right adrenal glands had mean values of length and thickness of AxB and CxD respectively. The diameter of the abdominal aorta had a mean of 0.31cm ± 0.039, and for its Doppler velocimetric indexes, systolic peak velocity (VPS), diastolic peak velocity (VPD), resistivity index (IR) with values of 34.42cm / s ± 8.15; 6.012cm / s ± 2.82; 0.82cm / s ± 0.05, presenting laminar flow with a sharp systolic peak. The PSV of the right renal artery was 31.6 ± 7.23cm / s; 15.20 ± 4.05cm / s and left 32.26 ± 8.94cm / s; 15.75 ± 5.09cm / s, and the mean for left IR (0.51cm / s) and right (0.52cm / s).

ABSTRACT
Caprinovinocultura is one of the main economic activities in the Northeast region for
small producers, but this activity has a low productivity due to infectious diseases,
especially the caseous lymphadenitis. The present study aimed to perform a
bacteriological and molecular study to identify etiological agent in caseous lymphadenitis
in goats and sheep of Baixo Parnaíba, Maranhão. This research was developed in Baixo
Parnaíba Maranhão in 12 municipalities, being Chapadinha, Anapurus, Brejo, Buriti,
Araioses, Mata Roma, Magalhães de Almeida, São Bernardo, Água Doce, Milagres do
Maranhão, Santana and Santa Quitéria. 82 flocks were visited and 61 samples of animals
that had clinical signs of lymphadenitis were collected. These were submitted to fine
needle aspiration (FNA) for bacteriological culture, Gram staining, biochemical catalase
test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The herds were georeferenced for spatial
identification of foci of lymphadenitis. The results showed a frequency of 75.40% (46/61)
for the growth in the bacteriological culture with small, grayish white colonies with halo
of beta hemolysis, dry and opaque, to the biochemical test of catalase 87.5% (49 / 56)
presented positive catalase, as well as the morphology and arrangement of the cells in the
Gram staining, 100% of the samples presented gram positive cocosbacilli, characteristics
suggestive of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Of 56 cultured samples 97,14%
(34/35) had amplification of 16S rRNA, rpoB and pld genes. It is concluded that the
etiologic agent of abscesses in superficial lymph nodes of small ruminants in Lower
Parnaíba, Maranhão through bacterioscopy, Gram stain, catalase test and confirmation by
molecular test is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The georeferencing of foci of
caseous lymphadenitis, were the municipalities of Chapadinha, Mata Roma, Anapurus,
Brejo, Buriti, Água Doce, Araioses, Magalhães de Almeida and São Bernardo, with C.
pseudotuberculosis being the main agent of the genesis of lymph node abscesses and the
Arcanobacterium pyogenes as another agent involved in caseous lymphadenitis

Key words: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, bacteriological culture, small
ruminants.

The objective of this study was to investigate histamines and the microbiological characteristics of yellow hake (Cynoscion acoupa) commercialized in the city of São Luís-MA. The 60 samples were obtained from five supermarkets and five fairs that commercialize this species. The samples were stored in sterile containers and transported in isothermal boxes to the Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Water of the Veterinary Medicine Course of the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, where they were analyzed. Microbiological analyzes were performed according to Normative Instruction 62 of 2003 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) and the Manual of Methods of Microbiological Analysis of Foods. In the result of the analyzes in fairs it was observed absence of coliforms at 35 ° C in only 6.67% of the samples analyzed. For coliforms at 45 ° C were found absence in only 20.00% samples. E. coli was also detected in 13.33% of the samples analyzed, from free trade shows. However, coliforms were observed at 35 ° C, coliforms at 45 ° C, but the presence of E. coli was not detected. No samples showed contamination by Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella sp., Listeria sp. and V. parahaemolyticus, for both commercialization environments. However, it presented expressive counts of species of the genus Aeromonas. Therefore, the samples present a risk of infecting A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. veronii biovar veronii and A. schubertii to the consumer. Greater antimicrobial resistance was noted for levofloxacin and sulfa-trimethoprim for strains isolated from E. coli. High antimicrobial resistance of aeromonas sp. ampicillin, amoxiline clavulanate, cefuroxime and cefotaxime. The values found for the MAR Index, evidenced the multiresistance of the Aeromonas sp. in 90.54% (n = 48) and of E. coli in 50% (n = 2). A strain of Aeromonas sp. resistance to all eleven antimicrobials tested (MAR = 1.00). This is an important finding since the increase in the appearance of multidrug-resistant bacteria is of concern and therefore diminishes the options for antimicrobial use, making it limiting to a clinically successful action.

In the present study, the objective was to compare biochemical and histological biomarkers in Callinectes danae specimens collected in an area near the port facilities of São Luís-MA, and a reference area located in the municipality of Raposa (MA). The specimens were collected quarterly during the year 2017. The biometrics data used in the statistical analysis were: Width of Carapace - LC; Carapace Width with Thorn - LCe; Carapace Length – CC; Length of Right Quelipod – CQD; and Weight - P. The hepatopancreas were homogenized in phosphate buffer and centrifuged, and the supernatant was used to determine the enzymatic activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT). The gills were dehydrated in a growing series of alcohols and embedded in paraffin. In light microscopy, the alterations were identified and quantified. The results of the biometric analyzes indicated that the siris of the reference area are larger than the siris of the port area. Regarding the gill injury, a greater amount of alterations were found in the specimens of the port area. The GST activity in the crabs from the reference area presented high values in most of the collection periods; already in the port area the activity of the GST in the crabs was null in all the collections, indicating an exhausted enzymatic system. The CAT activity was null in the second and final collection of the port area, while in the reference area the greatest activity was in the second collection of the rainy season. Biometric data and biomarkers results (biochemical and histological) indicate that the crabs of the port area are suffering stress from impacts caused by xenobiotic substances.

This study aimed to analyze productive management and physical-chemical composition of jury meat (Kinosternon scorpioides, Linnaeus, 1976). For the productive management, water quality indicators of dissolved oxygen (OD), total ammonia (N-NH3), nitrite (N-NO2), nitrate (N-NO3), orthophosphate (PO4), phosphorus (P), temperature (T) and pH. In addition, they evaluated the feeding management in 131 animals submitted to rates of 0,5% live weight (PV) and 0,6% PV, and frequencies of 3 and 5 times a week in two periods (drought and rainy seasons) (CP/LP), individual weight (PI), followed by the specific growth rate (TCE), apparent feed conversion (CP/LP) CAA) and growth efficiency (EC). For the physicochemical composition, 15 specimens were analyzed for carcass and carcass yield, percentage of residues, and physical-chemical parameters of moisture(UM), crude protein (PB), lipids (LD), ash (CZ), pH, water loss by drip loss and cooking and water retention capacity (CRA). The results obtained showed water mean OD> 6,43 mg/L, pH of> 6,30, N-NH3 of < 1,93 mg/L, NO3 of <2,37 mg/L, NO2 of <0.37 mg/L, PO4 of <0,74 mg/L, P of <0,41 mg/L and T <26.36 ° C (T). In the alimentary management, the means of TCE, CAA and EC were between 0,07 to 10,44; from 0,01 to 0,29; and 0,08 to 1,16, respectively. The mean morphometric measurements of the animals were 14,68 cm of CC, 9,32 cm of LC, 12,96 cm of CP, 6,87 cm of LP and 5,15 cm of ALT. Meat yields, carcasses and total residues provided averages of 15,01%, 49,79% and 21,48%, respectively. As for the physical-chemical parameters, the values were 77,29% of UM, 20,44% of PB, 1,86% of L, 4,12% of CZ, 6,68 of pH, 20,00% of loss of water per drip loss, 30,58% loss per cooking and 56.95% CRA. It is concluded, the environment of creation of jurara presented quality indicators in the appropriate bands for cultivated species. During feeding management, the animals showed better performance in the dry season with a rate of 0.6% PV and fed 3 times / week and in the rainy season with 0.5% PV offered 5 times / week. Therefore, the analyzed management contributes to the performance of the morphometric indicators to slaughter, meat quantitative and meat yield, with a centesimal composition and functional properties favorable for its inclusion in human food. Key words: Water quality. Food management. Centesimal composition. Functional properties. Creation of wild animals.

Rabbit breeding has been growing in Brazil, not only in production but also in the pet market, Brazil has 294 584 heads of rabbits and 17 615 farms working in the rabbit trade, whether for production or sale as a pet, ocular problems in rabbits affect both the production and the pet market and the ultrasonography is a noninvasive advent that can identify changes in these structures, we sought to measure in order to standardize ultrasonographically in two-dimensional mode and doppler structures of the eyes of 21 SRD rabbits, not anesthetized and without ophthalmic alterations, we used a Mindray z6 device with 6C2P 6.5MHz microconvulsive transducer and the resulting ones were, in the right eye, CB 1.55 ± 0.06, CCA.16 ± 0.05, EL 0.80 ± 0.02, CL 1.24 ± 0.08, CV 0.59 ± 0.04, NDO 0.30 ± 0.03, NO 0.49 ± 0.06 and in the left eye CB 1.52 ± 0.05, CCA 0.14 ± 0.02, EL 0.80 ± 0.08, CL 1.21 ± 0.12, CV 0.59 ± 0.03, NDO 0.29 ± 0.03, NO 0.49 ± 0.07 and for the results of hemodynamic parameters of the right eye PS 26.03 ± 6.44, ED 10.47 ± 2.69, RI 0.59 ± 0.02 and left eye PS 26.48 ± 6.61, ED 10.62 ± 3.08, RI 0.59 ± 0.04, when comparing the results between the two eyes there was no significant statistical difference, concluding that the values found serve as a standard of normality for the species.

Hematology has been playing an important role as a semiotic medium, helping veterinarians to establish diagnoses, establish prognoses and follow the treatments of the numerous diseases that affect domestic animals, in the buffalo species is not different, associated with hematology, we can use the biochemical dosages that also can be performed to aid in the diagnosis of animals with parasitic, metabolic and infectious diseases. In this context, the objective of this research was to obtain a hematological, biochemical and research profile of buffalo hem parasites (Bubalus bubalis) raised in municipalities of Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão state, Brazil. A total of 73 Murrah, Mediterranean and their mestizo animals were divided into three groups: group 1 (G1, n = 26) with animals from four to eleven months, group 2 (G2, n = 29) with animals from one year and group 3 (G3, n = 18) with two-year-old animals. The venipuncture of the external jugular vein was collected in 5 mL of blood in a sterile tube containing anticoagulant EDTA (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid) to perform the blood count and 5 mL of blood in tubes without anticoagulant and left at room temperature for clot retraction and centrifuged at 2,000 g for 10 minutes to obtain serum; for hemoparasite screening the blood smear of the tail tip was performed. The hematological analysis was performed according to established methodology, with manual cell counting, the biochemical measurements were determined using HumaStar80® automated biochemical analyzer, semi-automatic BIOPLUS 2000®. Serum dosages of urea, creatinine, total protein and fractions, total bilirubin and fractions, as well as the enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AF) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were performed. The Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate the effect of sex and age, and the differences were considered significant when P <0.05.
Keywords: Biochemical dosages; Blood count; Hemoparasites;