The present study aimed to evaluate and identify the efficiency of different vegetation indexes (VI) in distinguishing the phenological stages of soybean crops, using images collected by sensor systems, with different spatial resolutions. The research was carried out in a soybean cultivation area irrigated by central pivot, in Balsas, MA, Brazil, where weekly assessments of phenology and leaf area index were carried out. Throughout the crop cycle, spectral data from the study area were collected from the MSI and WFI sensors onboard the Sentinel-2 and Amazonia-1 satellites, respectively. The images obtained were processed to obtain vegetation indexes based on NIR (NDVI, NDWI and SAVI) and RGB (VARI, IV GREEN and GLI), for the different phenological stages of the crop. The efficiency in identifying soybean phenological stages using vegetation indexes was determined using Anderson's discriminant analysis, where the best classifications were those with the lowest apparent error rate (AER). The difference in spatial resolution of the sensors is not a determining factor in the correct identification of soybean phenological stages. Although no vegetation index obtained from the Amazonia-1 and Sentinel-2 sensor systems was 100% effective in identifying all phenological stages of the soybean crop, specific RGB and NIR indexes can be used to identify some phenological stages. keys to soybean cultivation are the flowering of the crop (R1 and R2), the end of pod development (R4) and the stages that characterize the development of grains within the pods (R4 to R5.2). This demonstrates that vegetation indexes obtained from orbital sensors are effective in identifying soybean phenological stages quickly and cheaply.

Water stress negatively affects vegetables. It causes changes in the physiological and biochemical aspects of plants, leading to reduced productivity. Despite being resistant to low water availability, sorghum production is significantly reduced under these conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the use of mitigators of this stress, such as Brassinosteroid (BR) and Salicylic Acid (SA). The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the isolated and combined application of brassinosteroids and salicylic acid on sorghum plants subjected to water stress. The study was implemented using a randomized block design (RBD), with a 2x4 factorial scheme, including two levels of water in the substrate (irrigated and water stress) and four ways of using bioregulators (Control - without the bioregulator; application of BR in concentration of 0.1 μM; application of SA at a concentration of 1 mM; and the combination of the two bioregulators (BR and SA), totaling eight treatments, five replications and 40 experimental units. Sowing was carried out with ten seeds per pot, with thinning carried out and maintaining two plants. The moisture of the substrate was maintained close to field capacity until 50 days after sowing (DAS), when the plants reached pre-flowering (the most sensitive phase), and were then subjected to water stress treatment with the gradual suspension of irrigation. From 51 to 56 DAS, the plants were subjected to moderate stress, with 50% of field capacity. From 57 to 62 DAS, severe stress began, with the substrate at 20% of field capacity. Plants in the control treatment remained irrigated close to field capacity until physiological maturation of the grains. Water stress and the application of bioregulators influenced growth variables. The BR+SA treatment proved to be more efficient, as it achieved a greater increase in stem height and diameter, in addition to greater leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, root dry mass and total seed weight. The joint application of bioregulators was also responsible for increasing the green index in leaves, the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the primary efficiency of photosystem II and the content of photosynthetic pigments compared to control treatments (without application of bioregulators).

The state of Maranhão has the largest production of babassu in Brazil, a crop that performed an important socioeconomic role for extractive families. Until the middle 1980s, this culture was an escape from the crisis that reached the State, after the decline of textile-cotton production. However, this situation changed after the introduction of laws that legitimized the privatization and expropriation of public lands, restricting the access of babassu nut breakers to the babassu groves. This fact initiated conflicts over access to this natural resource, which has been accompanied by the introduction of activities and the implementation of agricultural products, pasture and an increase in deforested areas, which may have influenced the production of babassu almonds. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to identify what has happened to babassu trees over three decades and what has affected the increase and/or decrease in the production of this palm tree in the mesoregions of the state of Maranhão. Identifying these factors is highest importance, since babassu is classified as a palm tree that generates income for several families. The data for the development of the research were acquired from the IBGE/SIDRA database, MapBiomas and Lapig, where geoprocessing techniques were integrated into the QGIS software for the spatial analysis of the dynamics of babassu production in the State. This information will be able to update cartographic data on babassu production and reconstruct the historical evolution of this palm tree, which is so important for the livelihood of many families. In addition to contributing to public policies capable of preserving these areas and instigating greater inspection and punishment for not properly preserving these environments.

In order for soil sustainability to be achieved in the humid tropics, the use of management practices capable of increasing the content of stable organic matter are essential. Practices such as the use of leguminous biomass and fertilization with cations help in this process. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between high quality biomass and the polyvalent cations Ca2+ and Si2+ on carbon use efficiency and how this effect interferes with the accumulation of the stable fraction of soil organic matter. For this, microbial biomass activity and soil organic carbon have been used as indicators. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with eight treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of arrangements of legumes with calcium, silicon and urea. The combination of silicon plus leguminous biomass was the treatment that showed the highest carbon use efficiency and the highest incorporation of organic carbon in the microbial biomass. However, the results indicated that the combination of leguminous biomass in association with both polyvalent cations benefited the activity of microorganisms, which was reflected in the accumulation and stabilization of OC in soil organic matter.

The barbatimão, [Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville], belonging to the Fabaceae family and subfamily Mimosoidae, has a wide distribution in Brazil and occurs in the North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South. This species has great economic importance, with medicinal potential, which demonstrates to be a valuable biological resource, the wood can be used in construction and the recovery of degraded areas. Its exploitation is developed through extractivism and the bark of its stem is widely used in traditional medicine. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro development of barbatimão using plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). For this, the experiment was conducted in an entirely randomized design, with five treatments (T1: MS without growth regulator (applications of autoclaved distilled water), 2: applications of Bacillus methylotrophicus, T3: applications of Serratia marcescens, T4: applications of B. methylotrophicus and S. marcescens and T5: MS + 21.48 µM of naphthaleneacetic acid (applications of autoclaved distilled water), totaling five treatments, with six repetitions, each flask representing one repetition. In the experiment, barbatimão (Stryphnodendron astringens) seeds were used, and after 15 days of in vitro cultivation, BPCPs applications were made to the seedlings. For this, the strains used were diluted to 10^-6 (Bacillus methylotrophicus and Serratia marcescens) and applied twice to the seedlings, at 15 and 30 days. At 30 days of in vitro cultivation, leaf number, leaf area (cm²), plant height (cm), root fresh matter (g), aerial fresh matter (g), root dry matter (g), aerial dry matter (g) were evaluated, percentage of survival (%), root to aerial part ratio, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII, Fv/Fm), photosynthetic index (IF) and the density of photosystem II active reaction centers per unit of absorbed photons (RC/ABS). Growth-promoting bacteria were observed to have positive effects on the growth of barbatimon seedlings under in vitro conditions and subsequent ex vitro acclimatization. These results indicate that in vitro propagation associated with inoculation of PGPBs (MS + B. methylotrophicus and MS+ S. marcescens) is a viable method for the production of Stryphnodendron astringens seedlings.

Sorghum (Sorghum L. moench) is a grass of African origin and is one of the most planted cereals in the world, and, with regard to tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, this species is one of the most versatile. The information about the correlation between characters is of great importance to optimize the simultaneous selection of characters. However, quantification and interpretation of the magnitude of a correlation can result in mistakes in the selection strategy. In turn, path analysis is based on evaluating the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, after removing the influence of all other independent variables included in the analysis. Thus, this research aimed to verify whether the SPAD index (associated with the concentration of chlorophylls in the leaves) and the concentration of sugars in the stem (BRIX) (associated with an osmotic adjustment), are related to some agronomic variables in different cultivars of sorghum cultivated in the south of the state of Maranhão. The experiment was carried out at the agricultural research unit of the State University of Maranhão, located in the municipality of Balsas-MA, with an experimental design in randomized blocks and three replications, with the experiment being repeated in the 2021 and 2022 harvests. treatments, being the treatments composed by the cultivars SUDAN 4202, AGRI 001-E, AGRI 002-E, BRS 658, BRS 810, BRS Ponta Negra, BRS 373, BR 509, BR 506 and IPA 467-4-2. The variables studied were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, days to flowering, cycle (count of days from the sowing day, until the plants reach the phenological stage of pasty grain .), the final stand, the fresh mass, the dry mass, the SPAD index and the sugar content in the stem estimated by the °Brix index. For path analysis, the GENES software was used. The variables fresh mass, stem diameter, height and number of leaves were efficient in increasing the production of soluble solids (BRIX), which indicates the presence of cause and effect. Among all the analyzed variables, the leaf area was the only one that had a direct effect on the main one, the SPAD index, with a magnitude greater than the residual effect. Path analysis proved to be an efficient tool in the selection of productive traits of sorghum cultivars associated with chlorophyll content and soluble solids.

Agricultural production systems, due to the high demand for food production, need sustainable strategies that aim to maintain the balance of ecosystems. For pest management, an alternative is to manipulate the environment, using spontaneous plants that are capable of providing important resources for the conservation of natural enemies. Thus, the objective of this work will be to evaluate the effect of the presence (absence) of the weeding interval and composition of weeds as a strategy for the conservation of arthropod diversity and regulation of pest infestation in cowpea plants. The work will be conducted at Fazenda Escola and at the Entomology Laboratory of the Department of Phytotechnics and Plant Health at the State University of Maranhão – UEMA, São Luís, Maranhão. The planting of cowpea beans was carried out in rows, in an area of 841 m2 which was divided into parcels. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were the weeding intervals, where t1: without weeding, and the other treatments were be represented by weeding after the emergence of cowpea, where t2 received weeding at 7 days, t3 weeding at 14 days, t4 weeding at 14 days 21 days, t5 one weed at 28 days and t6 one weed at 35 days after cowpea emergence. Entomofauna sampling was carried out both in cowpea bean plants and in spontaneous vegetation where the collected insects were sorted and later identified taxonomically. The floristic composition of spontaneous plants was also evaluated, and their data served to carry out a phytosociological analysis. Shannon diversity (h’) and species richness (s) indices were generated and submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The relative abundances (%) of each taxon was also calculated, grouping them according to functional guild (predators, parasitoids and phytophagous).

One of the biggest challenges for ranchers today is associated with the search for effective products to control parasites in herds of cattle, goats and sheep. However, populations of ectoparasites and endoparasites end up creating drug resistance due to chemical substances present in their compositions, as well as influencing the quality of products derived from animals. In this sense, the search for alternative methods found in natural products has grown significantly in recent decades. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the in vitro activity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides "Camphora Chemotype" in ticks of the species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and in Helminths of the species Haemonchus contortus and Caenorhabditis elegans. For this, fresh leaves of Rosemary-pimenta (L. origanoides) were obtained from naturally occurring adult plants in the municipality of Montes Altos, Maranhão, Brazil. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of L. origanoides by means of hydrodistillation and the analysis of the chemical constituents was performed by gas chromatography (GC-MS). To evaluate the acaricide activity on R. (B.) microplus, the Larval Immersion Test was performed using concentrations of L. origanoides essential oil ranging from 10 to 0.40 mg/mL in a solution of 1% ethanol + 0.02 % Triton, where a 50% Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 7.48 mg/mL was obtained. To evaluate the repellent activity on R. (B.) microplus, the Vertical Repelence Test was performed at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 0.001 mg/mL and for the positive control, N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide was used. (DEET) at different times, obtaining for L. origanoides 50% Repellent Concentration (RC50) of 0.5844 mg/cm² (10min), 0.101 mg/cm² (20min) and 0.310 mg/cm² (30min). For the species H. contortus, the Egg Hatchability Test was performed, where eggs of H. contortus were counted and distributed in 96-well plates, at the rate of 100 eggs per well. Essential oil concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.005 mg/mL were used in 3% Tween, obtaining an LC50 of 0.67 mg/mL. For the species C. elegans, the adult mortality test was performed using essential oil concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.005 mg/mL in 96-well plates containing 100 µL of M9, obtaining an LC50 of 2.23 mg/mL. The Lethal and Repellent Concentrations of the tests carried out confirmed the acaricidal, repellency and nematicide activity of the essential oil of L. origanoides and its effectiveness against R. (B.) microplus, H. contortus and C. elegans.

The Cerrado is the last agricultural frontier in Brazil and its biodiversity is threatened by the degradation of extensive pastures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical, physical and biological attributes of extensive pasture (PE), abandoned pasture (PA) and forest (FL) in the Cerrado Maranhense, in order to measure anthropogenic impacts. In a completely randomized experimental design, with three areas and five replications, the atributes evaluated, at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, were: soil density (DS), total porosity (PR), mass-based moisture (UMM), volumetric moisture (UMV), mechanical resistance to penetration (RSP) and basic infiltration velocity (Vib), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca⁺²) , exchangeable magnesium (Mg⁺²⁾ and aluminum (Al⁺³), phosphorus (P), hydrogen potential (pH), potential acidity (H+Al), organic matter (MO), organic carbon stock (ECO), sum of bases (SB), effective cation exchange capacity (t), cation exchange capacity at pH 0.7 (T), base saturation (V) and aluminum saturation (m), litter and macrofauna. The results were compared by ANOVA and difference of means by Tukey (p>0.05), with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as complementary analysis for the chemical attributes. The PA and PE land uses were positively correlated with the sorting complex, while FL was positively correlated with the acidity indices. There was a significant interaction between land use and depth only for the chemical attributes Al⁺³, m, M.O. and P and ECO with PA area standing out from other surface treatments. For physical attributes, only RSP showed statistical difference, with the greatest resistance in PA at 5-10 cm, and greater resistance in FL under depth. The smallest means of RSP were observed in PE. There was no statistical difference between the density and richness of individuals for macrofauna, in the evaluated land uses, but the greatest abundance of Hymenoptera and Blattodea was observed in FL.

Psychoculture is an important economic activity that, in addition to generating income, produces food rich in protein, but it can be a polluting source, due to the presence of potentially toxic metals in its residues, these potentially toxic metals, when found in high concentration, contaminate soils and bodies. water receivers of these effluents cause several environmental problems. The biosorption process has proved to be effective to treat these effluents. This work aims to evaluate the biosorption potential of the biomass obtained from açaí (Euterpe oleracea) and cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) epicarp in the form of activated carbon with an acid solution of hydrochloric acid in a filter in the treatment of this effluent. The biomasses were characterized by the following chemical variables: pH in water, pH in KCl, zero charge point, and determination of acid and basic groups present on the surface. First, an assay was carried out in a fixed-bed column, with distilled water, until there was saturation of the biosorbents, after which the biosorption assay was started. The filtration system was kept in continuous flow until there was saturation of the biosorbents, the effluent was collected after obtaining a volume of 50 mL and stored in dark-colored flasks to determine the concentrations of the metallic species Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Mn²⁺ by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FASS). The test performed observed considerable efficiency of the biomasses in the removal of the investigated metallic species.

The brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabr., 1974) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) is considered one of the most important soybean pests and has chemical control as the main management method. However, with the many problems that chemical control can cause, the use of the association of biological control agents such as entomopathogenic fungi and the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi (Ashmead, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in soybean crops can be a sustainable alternative. In this sense, the objective of the research is to evaluate entomopathogenic fungi that are efficient in the developmental stages of E. heros (egg, 3rd nymphal instar and adult) so that they do not affect the parasitism carried out by T. podisi. The entomopathogenic fungal isolates used were from the species of Metarhizium anisopliae (CG 168, IBCB 425) and Beauveria bassiana (LPP 129, LPP SP1). The research was carried out in the Entomology and Phytopathology laboratories of the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís, MA. The insects used in the experiments came from breeding maintained in the Entomology laboratory and the entomopathogenic fungal isolates were acquired from Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão and Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense. The entomopathogenic isolates were cultivated in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) medium for 15 days and later multiplied in parboiled rice used as substrate. After multiplication, suspensions of fungal isolates were prepared at a concentration of 1 × 108 viable conidia/mL+ 0.01% Tween 80® from rice washing. The suspensions were used in two experiments, that of pathogenicity and virulence of isolates on the brown stink bug and that of selectivity of M. anisopliae on T. podisi. In the first experiment, 50 eggs, 25 third instar nymphs and 25 couples of E. heros were treated with the fungal suspensions. In the second experiment, two bioassays were set up using 50 non-parasitized (pre-parasitism) and parasitized (post-parasitism) eggs fixed with white glue on a cardboard sheet (n=20) treated with 2.5 mL of M. anisopliae (CG 168 and IBCB 425). E. heros eggs were susceptible to CG 168 and IBCB 425 isolates. All isolates were pathogenic for 3rd instar nymphs, with LPP 129 and CG 168 being the most virulent with a mortality rate of 82% and 86%, respectively within four days. The proportion of viability of 4th instar nymphs was higher in isolates IBCB 425 (0.62) and LPP S1 (0.79). The treatments Tween 80® (16,30) and LPP 129 decreased the number of eggs in females. The isolates IBCB 425 and LPP S1 increased the number of E. heros females laying. The isolate CG 168 caused a mortality of 96% in adults of E. heros in seven days. The parasitoid T. podisi parasitizes and develops in eggs of E. heros previously treated and not treated with M. anisopliae, with the isolate IBCB 425 being selective for the natural enemy of E. heros. All isolates were pathogenic for E. heros in the 3rd instar and adult nymph stages, however with different levels of virulence. The egg parasitoid, T. podisi, parasitizes and develops in E. heros eggs previously treated and untreated with M. anisopliae; The isolate M. anisopliae CG 168 was efficient in controlling E. heros in all stages of development (eggs, 3rd instar nymphs and adult), not being selective for T. podisi because it compromises the development of the parasitoid. The isolate M. anisopliae IBCB 425 was efficient in controlling eggs and adults of E. heros and selective for the parasitoid of T. podisi eggs in E. heros eggs.

Stryphnodendron astringens (Mart.) Coville, with popular name barbatimão, is native to the Brazilian cerrado with prominence in herbal medicine due to medicinal properties attributed by secondary metabolites present in the species. This study aimed to verify the influence of the culture medium on germination and production of phenolic acids and flavonoids of barbatimão, using the in vitro propagation technique, and the results compared to cultivation under greenhouse conditions. In the first experiment, barbatimão seeds obtained by donation and preserved under aseptic conditions were germinated in vegetation house conditions (control)
and in vitro using as culture media: MS + 100 mg L^-1 myo-inositol + 30 g L^-1 sucrose + 6.5 g agar (T1); Distilled water + 30 g L^-1 sucrose + 6.5 g agar (T2); MS + 11.09 μM 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.54 μM naphthalene acetic acid (ANA) (T3); MS + 1.44 μM of gibberellic acid (GA3) + 0.54 μM of ANA + 100 mg L^-1 of myo-inositol + 30 g L^-1 of sucrose + 6.5 g L ^-1 of agar-agar (T4); MS + 11.09 μM BAP + 0.54 μM ANA + 100 mg L^-1 of myo- inositol + 6.5 g L ^-1 of agar-agar + 1 g L^-1 of activated carbon (T5). After 60 days germination, the following variables were evaluated: number of leaves (NF, units), height of the aerial part (APA, cm), length of the largest root (CR, cm), difference between fresh and dry mass of the aerial part (MPA, g), difference between fresh and dry mass of the root (MR, g) and average width of the leaves (LF, cm). The data were submitted to Dunnet's test at 5% possibility. In the second experiment, the methanolic extracts (hydromodule 1:8) of barbatimão leaves were obtained for the control and T1 to T5 treatments, and then the chromatographic profiles were obtained from the readings of the extracts by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA), where the representative peaks of the spectra in the UV for phenolic acids and flavonoids were verified. The results obtained indicated differences between treatments for the variables APA, CR and MR, where the in vitro treatment T5 was superior in the development of the aerial part and root length of the seedlings. The data obtained for the variable MR showed that the in vitro treatments were not efficient for root mass production compared to the control. The T5 treatment was superior in the production of phenolic acids and flavonoids compared to the other in vitro treatments, with results close to control, indicating promising results to produce secondary metabolites of medicinal interest in homogeneous conditions and low environmental impact in barbatimão.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a fruit consumed worldwide and represents a source of employment and income for several countries. To meet the demand for fruit, it is always necessary to have an intense supply of seedlings. Micropropagation is a technique used to increase the production and quality of seedlings in less time. Thus, this research aimed to verify whether the photoautotrophic/photomixotrophic environment can provide, in explants, optimization of photosynthetic capacity and growth, by reducing the concentration of sucrose in the culture medium, optimizing gas exchange and increasing photosynthetically active radiation (RFA). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (DIC), 2x4 factorial scheme, with two types of sealing (covers with gas-permeable membranes and without this membrane) and four concentrations of sucrose (0, 10, 20 and 30 g L- 1), totaling 8 treatments, with five repetitions each. The experimental unit consisted of a flask containing 3 plants. After 90 days of in vitro cultivation, shoot length (CPA, cm), number of leaves (NF), length of the longest root (CMR, cm), leaf area (AF, cm2), specific leaf mass ( MFE, g m-2), fresh and dry mass of aerial and root parts (MFPA, MSPA, MFR, MSR, g, respectively), total dry mass (MST, g), photoassimilates partition for root (PFR, %) , photoassimilate partition for shoot (PFPA, %), shoot dry mass to root dry mass ratio (MSPA/MSPR), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII, Fv/Fm), the "Photosynthetic Index" (photosynthetic index) (IF), density of active PSII reaction centers per unit of absorbed photons (RC/ABS), net photosynthetic rate (A, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), SPAD index, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total, carotenoids, chlorophyll a/b, chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids (μg mm-2) and stomatal index (%) At the end of 90 days of in vitro cultivation, five plants of each treatment o were acclimatized in a greenhouse. During acclimatization, the net photosynthetic rate (A), the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), the photosynthetic index (IF) and the SPAD index at 5, 10 and 15 days after acclimatization ex vitro. In this work, it was possible to verify that the total elimination of sucrose from the in vitro culture medium, even using permeable membranes, the pineapple cv. Pearl did not produce biomass. With the use of permeable membranes and the reduction of sucrose to 10 g L-1 in the culture medium, there was a greater length of shoot, leaf area, increase in shoot fresh mass, a higher photosynthetic index, and larger torso of chlorophyll a, total and carotenoids. This gain in biomass production in the treatment flask with membranes and 10 g L-1 was not associated with greater photosynthetic carbon assimilation. For the photomyxotrophic cultivation of pineapple in vitro, the use of permeable membranes and sucrose concentration in the culture medium of 10 g L-1 is indicated.

Knowing the influence of mineral nitrogen fertilization on agroforestry systems and its effects on soil attributes and forage production, as well as its role in the nutrient cycling process, is essential to promote the efficient use of nutrients in this ecosystem. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral nitrogen fertilization and forestry component on forage production, physical attributes and soil organic carbon fractions, on decomposition and chemical composition of Marandu grass litter and bovine excreta, in an agrosilvopastoral system , in the humid tropics of Maranhão. The experiment was conducted in 2019 and 2020, at the Technological Reference Unit - URT in ILPF of EMBRAPA Cocais in Pindaré Mirim - MA. A randomized block design was used, with four nitrogen fertilization treatments (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg of N ha -1 year-1
) and three replications in a total area of 3 ha divided into twelve equal plots kept under continuous stocking with two “tersters” animals, and with a variable stocking rate with “adjustment” animals, annealed steers with an average weight of 150 to 180 kg. For the purpose of evaluating forage production and soil attributes, samples were taken through transects perpendicular to the double rows of eucalyptus in each experimental plot. This
was divided into five points: P1 (0 m), P2 (1.75 m), P3 (5.25 m), P4 (8.75 m) and P5 (12.25 m), which corresponded to the distances of the eucalyptus row. For each of these distances, the forage was collected to evaluate the production of dry matter of green forage (MSFV) and dry (MSFS) and then the mini trenches of 30 x 30 x 30 cm were opened to collect undeformed samples in the depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 30 cm, to
determine physical attributes (density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity).
For the chemical attributes of the soil (organic carbon fractions), deformed samples were collected at the same depths perpendicular to the mini-trenches. To evaluate the decomposition of Marandu grass litter and bovine excreta, samples of senescent leaves and feces were used, which were incubated in nylon bags, in exclusion areas, and removed with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 days, in 2019 and 2020. The chemical composition of Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Fiber in Neutral Detergent (NDF), Fiber in Acid Detergent (FDA), N, C, and C:N ratio were determined. The results of forage mass production in the green and dry fractions of the marandu grass did not differ (P> 0.05) due to nitrogen fertilization, however the green forage mass was influenced by the distance of the double row of eucalyptus, with less production of 1733 kg DM ha-1 , 49% of the total mass, closer to the trees. The different fertilization doses influenced the fractions of organic carbon, with values of 10.32 g kg-1 and 7.56 g kg-1 for COt, 1.94 and 4.13 g kg-1 for COp with the greatest increase in estimated dose of 203 kg of N ha-1 yr-1 and a decrease in COam with doses up to 278 kg of N ha-1 yr-1. The same happens with the physical attributes, with the exception of the microporosity that was not altered. Attribute values ranged from 0.54 to 0.56 m3 m-3 for total porosity, from 0.12 to 0.15 m3 m-3 for macroporosity and from 1.45 to 1.49g cm-3 for ulk density. ground. Forage production is reduced near the double row eucalyptus trees. Nitrogen fertilization modifies the physical fractions of the SOC, reducing its depth levels. The physical attributes were influenced under agrosilvopastoral system, improving the physical quality of the soil, in depth and along the distance of the planting lines. Litter decomposition between the years 2019 and 2020 was influenced by nitrogen fertilization, with a triple effect (P<0.0001) between the levels of fertilization x time x year. The average speed of decomposition was lower in the second year, with k = 0.00589925 g.g-1.day-1 against k = 0.00798675 g.g-1.day-1 in the first year. The average N mineralization in litter was 74% and 17% in feces, which provided an annual input of 146 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 kg N, respectively. There were no differences in the decomposition and chemical composition of excreta (P > 0.05) between doses and incubation time for the analyzed variables. Both materials, litter and excreta, presented a high C:N ratio, above 30:1, revealing the greater difficulty of degradation of the material. The different decomposition rate behaviors of litter and faeces fractions revealed the distinct capacity to support nutrients through environmental services, since the contribution via decomposition of these materials constitutes a promising production input against the possibility of cost reduction with mineral source of N.

The objective was to evaluate the cadmium removal capacity through the rhizobacteria isolate Pseudomonas fluorescens, in soils with different cultivation intervals of a horticulture located in the municipality of Senador La Rocque-Ma. pHKCL, PHH2O, cation exchange capacity (CTC), organic matter content, zero charge point (PCZ). From the results obtained, it was possible to observe that the soils of the studied places have an acidic or very acidic character, thus retaining cations, presence of inorganic matter, low average cation exchange. The design used was in randomized blocks (DBC) consisted of 6 treatments (time 0, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 21 days), and 3 repetitions (area 1, area 2, 2 area 3), resulting in 54 sampling units, in a 6x3 factorial. After the experimental phase, the extraction of the investigated species was carried out, determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), after which the removal rate and biosorption capacity were calculated and the averages observed were submitted to a factorial analysis of variance. Data were analyzed using the SISVAR® Program (Ferreira, 2019), using the Student's t test at 5% probability (LSD) to compare the obtained means. Among the investigated areas, areas 1 and 2 had the greatest decrease in cadmium concentrations by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, when compared to area 3 during the 21-day period. Area 1 achieved a maximum removal rate of 61.3% of cadmium with an equilibrium time of 21 days. In area, II the removal rate was 65.52% at 15 days and area III had the lowest removal rate with a maximum value of 27.42% removal at 21 days. The bacterium species used in the P. fluorescens study had a slow remedial potential, a fact that is probably related to particularities of the causative agent and the metal under study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production, chemical composition and animal performance, biomass and carbon stock of trees and economic viability in an Agrosilvopastoral system under nitrogen fertilization. The research was carried out in the years 2019 and 2020 at the Technological Reference Unit (URT) of Integration Crop Livestock Flotesta (ILPF) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Cocais unit, located in the municipality of Pindaré-Mirim / MA, Brazil. An experimental area has about 3.0 ha, formed in pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu, formed in intercropping with corn (Zea mays L.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus ssp.). Divided equally into three blocks, each block with an area of 1 ha, which were subdivided into four paddocks of approximately 0.250 ha. Each paddock corresponded to a treatment: (I) control, without nitrogen fertilization; (II) application of 100 kg / ha / year of nitrogen (N), (III) application of 200 kg / ha / year of N; (IV) Application of 400 kg / ha / year of N. Fertilization with urea was divided into four equal doses during the rainy season, in May, June, July and August 2019 and in 2020, in the months of April, May, June and July, manually distributed. The paste method was continuous stocking, with variable load. The steers used had an average weight of 150 to 180 kg, with two animals "tersters" that will remain fixed in the plots, and a variable number of "adjustment" animals according to a forage offer that was adjusted every 28 days, together with the weighing of the animals for performance evaluation. The news from marandu was formed in the months of October, November and December 2019 and in the months of January, February, June, July, August and September 2020, where it obtained the Total Forage Mass (TFM), percentage of green forage and senescent. In the determined chemical composition, Dry Matter (DM), Ash (CIN), Crude Protein (CP) and Fiber in Neutral Detergent (NDF). No animals were measured Average Daily Weight Gain (GMD), Average Daily Gain per Area (GMA) and Stocking Rate (SR). In the arboreal component, 10 trees were selected per paddock, for the determination of diameter at breast height (DBH) of the bole, diameter at the base (DB), and one tree for estimation of total aerial biomass, fraction (leaves and bole), plant volume (V), CIN and Carbon (C) contents. In the economic evaluation, the calculation of the production cost was carried out, consisting of: Effective Operating Cost (COE); Total Operating Cost (TOC); and, Total Cost (CT). As a measure of economic result, the following calculations were performed: Gross Income (RB); Gross Margin (MB); Net Margin (ML); Net Income (RL); and, Leveling Point (PN). And the economic indicators: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit Cost Ratio (RBC). The highest value of dry green forage mass was observed in January with an average of 9.9 ton/ha and the lowest in July and August with an average of 2.0 ton/ha. There was no statistical difference (P>0.005) between nitrogen fertilization and forage mass production, as well as for GMD (highest gain in January with 0.61 kg UA-1 day-1) and GMA (highest gain in January with 3.5 kg AU-1 day-1). The TL were 4.2, 4.09, 4.07 and 3.87 AU/ha, in treatments 0, 100, 200 and 400 N kg/ha/year. The highest levels of CP were found in the treatment of 200 and 400 kg N/ha/year for green forage (14.07 and 14.48 g/g N) and for dry forage (10.56 and 10.45 g/ g N, respectively). The highest contents of CIN were in the doses of 100 kg N/ha/year (14.44%) and 400 kg N/ha/year (14.55%) in senescent forage and in green forage o better contents were in the doses of 200 kg N/ha/year (14.72%) and 400 kg N/ha/year (14.88%). NDF was higher in 400 kg N/ha/year (64.28%). The use of nitrogen fertilization in agrosilvopastoral system Formatado: Inglês (EUA) presented itself as an economically viable alternative. The dose that presented the maximum value of economic viability was 100 kg of N/ha/year. Because it obtained a lower cost than treatments with a dose of 200 kg of N/ha/year and treatment with 400 kg of N/ha/year. Where it presented better values for NPV considering the TMA of 19%, 27% and 40%; IRR with 103.59% and RBC of R$ 2.04.

The moth Rupela albinella Cramer 1781 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), popularly known as white borer, is a notorious rice pest in the lowlands of the Brazilian state of Maranhão (MA), accounting for significant losses in crop productivity. This study aimed to determine the importance of environmental variables (namely, air temperature, rainfall, and photoperiod) on the abundance of R. albinella individuals and Telenomus sp. parasitism. Besides, a new parasitoid species associated with R. albinella had its molecular characterization done. The research was conducted in Arari (MA), during the 2019/2020 crop, between January and April, in a commercial irrigated rice field at different phenological phases (development stages). A light trap (“Model Esalq, 220) was employed to help collect the moths; whereas masses of R. albinella eggs were gathered manually, at different phenological rice stages. The abundance variation in R. albinella and Telenomus sp. was assessed through analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). A simple linear regression analysis was applied to check the possible effects of abiotic variables (air temperature, rainfall, and photoperiod) on the abundance of these species. Furthermore, the COI barcode was used to identify Telenomus sp. The abundance of R. albinella did not differ as for the phenological stages of rice, and it showed no relationship with the abiotic variables. On the other hand, Telenomus sp. parasitism was distinct in the phenological rice stages, and a relationship with the photoperiod was noticed. Sequenced Telenomus sp. specimens exhibited an identical barcode region, with approximately 91% homology. In conclusion, the abundance of this new Telenomus sp. varied significantly in the R. albinella egg masses according to the phenological rice stages, and photoperiod alterations affected this parameter. The molecular characterization of Telenomus sp. indicated the need for taxonomic and systematic studies to update the of species that act as biological control agents in rice, aiming to establish the integrated pest management in the state.

The aim of this study was to conduct waste frying oil to biodiesel transesterification reactions with a carbon-based heterogeneous acid catalyst prepared from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seed residues. The phases of the product (processed seeds, biochar, catalyst and spent catalyst) were physically, chemically and physicochemically characterized. Carbonization experiments considered the following factors: carbonization time (2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 h), carbonization temperature (180.0, 360.0 or 540.0 ºC), and chemical activator dosage (5.0, 7.5 or 10.0 wt.% of processed seeds), experimentally arranged in 27 observations in which their influence on the process was evaluated with statistical tests. For the experiments of biodiesel production, the following factors were chosen: oil to methanol molar ratio (10:30, 10:45 or 10:60), catalyst dosage (6.0, 8.0 or 10.0 wt.% of oil mass), reaction time (90, 150 or 210 minutes), temperature of reaction (55.0, 60.0 or 65.0 ºC), and stirring speed (400, 500 or 600 rpm), experimentally arranged in accord with Box-Behnken multivariate optimization method which resulted in 46 observations, evaluated with mathematical modeling and statistical tests. By applying the optimized data, experiments of optimization consistency, catalyst reuse, and performance comparison to conventional homogeneous catalyst were also conducted. The use of Acai seed residues as raw material for carbonization and acid synthesis was proven viable technically and financially, given the biochar yield of 84.21% and catalyst yield of 43.12%, costing about R$ 133,18 in local currency, with catalytic features equivalent and, per times, even superior, to that of other studies that explored different types of agroindustrial waste. Evidence of its catalytic power refers to the following points: (i) biodiesel yield varying from 45.90 to 97.14%, (ii) reuse capacity throughout 11 cycles with stable yield in the first five, (iii) higher yield compared to H₂SO₄ and KOH in homogeneous form catalyst (88.72, 84.95 and 52.93%, respectively), and (iv) the environmental advantages of using an agroindustrial waste that is often irregularly released into the environment. Furthermore, the multivariate numeric optimization showed that 37.64 mL of methanol, 8.25 wt.% of catalyst dosage, 209.9 min of reaction time, 60.7 ºC of reaction temperature, and 400 rpm of stirring speed would yield 89.0% of biodiesel, which was proven correct with consistency experiments that provided 88.73% of biodiesel yield, only 0.27% different from that suggested by the optimization.  

Agroforestry systems (SAF’s) represent socio-environmental concepts of great importance related to agricultural production, especially with regard to sustainability and biodiversity. In addition, the consortium production format enables productive diversification and the generation of income sources in many stages and sectors of production. One forest species used was Khaya ivorensis (African mahogany), which belongs to the family of meliáceas, and is in great expansion throughout Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effects of intercropping agricultural crops (cowpea, corn and cassava) on the growth and survival of tree culture and the economic impact of this system on production. Three planting systems were studied: T1 - Conventional planting of African mahogany; T2 - Taungya system, composed of African mahogany + corn + manioc; and T3 - Taungya system, composed of African mahogany + beans + corn. To assess the economic return provided by agricultural crops, all production was sold on the local market. To evaluate the bean crop, the productivity of green pods was taken; average pod length; pod mass after harvest; number of grains per pod; productivity; dry mass of the aerial part of the plant. For corn, plant height was taken; ear productivity with and without straw; cob mass with and without straw; percentage of commercial ears; length, diameter and the mass of 20 commercial ears per plot. No cassava cultivation was obtained at plant height; stem diameter; number of bifurcations and root productivity. In the mahogany the rate of supply was evaluated, and the biometric data for height (m) and neck diameter (mm). The T2 treatment consortium system also differed from the conventional T1 treatment system. Treatments 2 and 3 (taungya systems), descriptively superior results for total soil bacteria, as well as amortized 25,23% and 20,63%, respectively, of the total costs of implementing maintenance of forest planting. There was no interference of agronomic crops in the growth of African mahogany. The results obtained that the cultivation of Khaya ivorensis in consortium with agricultural crops, when well managed, can be environmentally and economically advantageous for the rural producer.

The rice stalk bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stal 1860, grain bug, Oebalus poecilus Dallas 1851(Hemiptera: Penatomidae), and the stalk borer, Rupella albinella Cramer 1781 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are reported as the most harmful pest insects for rice cultivation in Maranhão. The aim was to propose management strategies for T. limbativentris and O. poecilus from the diapause characterization, as well as to point out the parasitoid species of R. albinella eggs in the State of Maranhão. For this purpose, during the harvest and off-season (2018/2019) we performed monthly collections of T. limbativentris and O. poecilus in rice fields located in the municipality of Itapecuru-Mirim, MA. Collections were performed from the moment the species were observed in the field, 25 and 70 days after rice planting for T. limbativentris and O. poecilus, respectively. The stink bugs were collected through inspections on the plants and also with the aid of an entomological network. Subsequently, they were placed in glass containers, sacrificed in 70% alcohol and sent to the laboratory, where they were dissected for evaluation of the reproductive system and quantification of body fat content. Concomitantly, from January to April 2019, in rice fields located in the municipality of Arari, MA, R. albinella eggs were collected from inspections of rice plants. Collections were made 35 days after rice planting, when the species was observed in the field. The postures collected were followed up in the laboratory to record the emergence of parasitoids. After their death, they were preserved in 70% alcohol and sent to identify the species. Higher amount of T. limbativentris female stink bugs found during the harvest period presented 1/3 of fat, as well as a large amount of eggs, since the culture was present in the field. For males, it was noted that the abdominal cavity had 1/3 of fat and a developed reproductive system, indicating that the bedbugs were reproductive in this period. In the off-season, especially from June to September, there was a significant increase in the number of T. limbativentris females with 3/3 fat. For O. poecilus, it was observed that immature females showed population fluctuation similar to that of mature females. However, the number of mature females of O. poecilus was always higher. In all collections there was a predominance of O. poecilus males with 1/3 accumulation of fat and a developed reproductive system. For the first time the species T. podisi nov. sp. 1 was reported as a parasitoid of R. albinella eggs in Maranhão. A parasitism rate of 68.64% was observed and the number of parasitoids collected totaled 8,590 individuals. A parasitism rate of 68.64% was observed and the number of parasitoids collected totaled 8,590 individuals. It was concluded that T. limbativentris and O. poecilus migrate to the crop showing mature or immature reproductive organs, infest the crop during the harvest and, after harvest, can accumulate fat and present characteristics of diaphanous insects. It was also observed that T. podisi nov. sp. 1 occurs in Maranhão as an important parasitoid of R. albinella eggs, opening perspectives for this parasitoid to be studied in order to integrate biological control programs in rice crops in the state.

Intensive land use has accelerated the loss of soil quality, a process that can be avoided by adopting conservationist production systems, such as the crop-livestock-forest (ilpf) systems. The effects of ilpf soil quality can be proven by evaluating various chemical, physical and of the soil during management. It is noteworthy that, in the southwest of the state of maranhão, a large part of the properties soils are degraded and in different stages of erosion, since these have been explored for decades with pastures implanted without using conservationist measures, or what a current situation degradation and low attempt. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the change in physical, chemical and biological attributes of the non-ecological cerrado-amazonian amazonian soil under the ilpf system, compared to the conventional pasture and secondary forest system. The study proposed here will be a pioneer in the region and may contribute to the inversion of the current degradation situation observed, allowing a sustainable exploration for the soils of a strategic region for the development of the state. The study will be carried out at fazenda monalisa, located in the municipality of são francisco de brejão, ma. The ilpf system was implemented in 2016, in an area of 70 ha, previously occupied with pasture. Adjacent to this area, there is a pasture area in the conventional system and a fragment of secondary forest. How the soil samples will be collected in the glove period and in the dry period, which includes the months of february and august 2019, at depths between 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm. The physical parameters will be selected: soil density, density density and total porosity, chemical products: ph in water and ph in cacl2, acidity potential, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, exchangeable aluminum, organic carbon, cation exchange, sum of bases, base saturation and aluminum and biological saturation: soil respiration. The soil management systems will be compared between the multivariate analysis methods of the main components.

 Table cassava is significantly preferred in the Northeastern diet, especially in Maranhão, however, the average yield of the crop in the state is still low, whose yield is less than 8.5 t ha-1. This low yield is attributed to the lack of scientific information regarding productive management, since the production occurs mainly through non-technical knowledge, and the management of the fertilization of the crop is one of the factors that most lack information. In this context, an experiment was installed, under field conditions, with the objective of evaluating the morphophysiological and productive behavior of table cassava as a function of organic and mineral fertilizing in Mesoregion South of Maranhão state. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments resulted from the combination of five doses of cattle manure, with a C / N = 18/1 ratio, applied to the soil (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 t ha-1) and two conditions of mineral fertilization (with and without NPK fertilization). Biometric characteristics (Height, stem diameter and number of leaves per plant), physiological (Green intensity and photochemical efficiency) and productive characteristics (Number of commercial and non-commercial roots, length and diameter of roots, root mass per plant and productivity) were evaluated, as well as the nutritional status of the plants. The results indicated that the fertilizer sources did not increase the biometric variables and green intensity, did not influence the physiological characteristics and did little to interfere in the extraction of nutrients by the plants. On the other hand, all components of production and productivity were increased by increasing doses of cattle manure and fertilization with NPK. Based on the results of the present study, fertilization with 10 t ha-1 of cattle manure and with NPK is recommended, because although there is no interaction between fertilizers, they act in a complementary way, increasing the production and productivity components of cassava table.

Studies in soil seed banks are important for the proper use of environmental restoration
techniques, particularly, the transposition of soil seed banks from a conserved area for later
deposition in a degraded area of the same plant typology. However, this technique has as a
prerequisite the evaluation of the local soil seed bank to understand the limitations existing in the
ecosystem to restore vegetation in degraded areas. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the soil
seed bank in five areas with different management techniques located in the municipality of
Açailândia, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. The evaluated areas were: T1 - regenerated
forest, T2, secondary forest, T3 - degraded pasture T4 - eucalyptus plantation area and T5 - fallow
corn cultivation area. The methodology used was germination in trays in the greenhouse. Floristic
composition was evaluated by species and family identification, floristic similarity between areas by
Jaccard Similarity Index and floristic diversity by the Shannon Diversity Index (H'). Additionally,
phytosociological analysis was performed to determine which species were the most important in
the soil seed bank in each area by computation of the parameters density, frequency and
importance value of each species (VI). Germination, species identification and number of
individuals per species, according to life style, were evaluated every fifteen days, for 150 days. We
identified 3,674 individuals belonging to 51 species of 33 genera and 21 botanical families. All
species that germinated in the assessed period have a herbaceous life form, considered in the
literature as weeds. The families Asteraceae and Malvaceae had the highest floristic richness with
six species each. The highest germination density of the soil seed bank was observed in the fallow
corn cultivation area (T5), with 3,620 plants m-2 followed by degraded pasture area (T3), with 1,813
plants m-2, capoeira in regeneration (T2), with 1,676 plants m-2, eucalyptus plantation (T4) with 845
plants m-2 and the regenerated forest area (T1), with 183 plants m-2. The most important species
were Chamaesyce hirta in T1 (VI = 65.1); Corchorus aestuans, in T2 (VI = 84.9); Cyperus sp., in T3
(VI = 49.9); Chamaesyce prostrata in T4 (VI = 43.8 and Corchorus aestuans in T5 (VI = 46.1) The
highest floristic similarity was observed between the secondary forest and the eucalyptus planting
area (40%) and between the secondary forest and degraded pasture (38%) The greatest floristic
diversity was observed in T4 (H' = 2.59).The absence of perennial species and the predominance
of herbaceous life form species, considered as weeds in the soil seed bank imposes serious
restrictions. Therefore, the soil transposition technique of the researched areas for the recovery of
degraded areas that are intended for use in agricultural activities is not recommended. However, it
can be beneficial for extremely degraded environments, to promote the attraction.of pollinating and
seed dispersing fauna, controlling erosion and improving physical and chemical characteristics
favoring soil conservation.

The extraction of wood was one of the main activities in the 1980s in the western Maranhense region, known as the portal of the Amazon. After this large-scale deforestation in this region, the forest environments have given way to pasture (cattle raising) and Eucalyptus spp (paper and pulp industry) plantations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the landscapes on the structure of the community of Diphtherodic Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae in the region of West Maranhão, Brazil, in the municipalities of Açailândia, Cidelândia, Imperatriz and São Francisco do Brejão. . The study was carried out in four different landscapes (Pasture with forest species-PF, conventional Pasture-PC, Eucalyptus Plantation-PE and Fragment of Forest-FF) from September 2017 to September 2018. The collections using specific traps for Diptera necrophages and Van Someren-Rydon traps, were carried out in 20 areas, with five replicates in each landscape. A total of 22,807 muscoid dipterans were collected from 21 families, and the Sarcophagidae (7,866 ind., 34.49%) and Calliphoridae (1,754 ind., 7.69%) families were the most abundant. The Sarcophagidae family with 6,386 individuals was represented by 11 genera, 14 subgenera and 44 species. The most abundant species were Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (Fabricius, 1794) with 4,697 (73,55%) individuals, Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) with 802 (12.56%) individuals, followed by Oxysarcodexia thornax Walker, 1849) with 242 (3.79%). Only the abundance of species T. (Sarcophagula) occidua (H = 15.1685 p = 0.0017) and Oxysarcodexia thornax (H = 15.9491; p = 0.0012) differed between environments. Regarding Frequency and Constancy Indices, three species were considered Common (7%), 15, Intermediate (34%) and 26, Rare (59%). In the Calliphoridae family, six genera and nine species were recorded. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) was the most abundant, representing 34.15% of the total collected, followed by Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775) (30.22%) and Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (23.55%). The abundance of Chrysomya albiceps (F = 13.4586; p = 0.0003), C. macellaria (F = 16.5148; p = 0.0001) and C. Idioidea differed among all environments (H = 15.5803; p = 0.0014). Three species were considered Common (33.5%), four Intermediate (44.5%) and two Rare (22%). The analysis of ordering (NMDS) and similarity (ANOSIM) showed that communities are distinct among all environments with respect to the composition of Diptera families (R = 0.909) and Calliphoridae families ((R = 0.816).) For Sarcophagidae, (NMDS) demonstrated in Axis 1, the formation of two clusters, one with the Forest Fragment and Eucalyptus Plantation environments and the other with the pasture environments. Although communities are not distinct among all environments, similarity analysis (ANOSIM) presented a significant value (R = 0.699) .The research demonstrated the expressive environmental plasticity of these families of necrophagous dipterans, due to the capacity to adapt to different environments. It should be emphasized that the pasture environment with forest species, anthropogenic, is more heterogeneous than conventional pastures, a fact that influenced the patterns of abundance and richness of these taxa, representing in this way, an important one in the strategy in the understanding of the processes of maintenance and conservation of species in the region. The present work also presents an indicative of three probable new species of Sarcophagidae, making clear the need for more collections in this western region of Maranhão, as well as the development of strategies for conservation of the areas, with the objective of conserving possible undiscovered species.

Soy has great value for the Brazilian agricultural sector, which, in turn, occupies a prominent position in the global scenario. However, abiotic effects of drought or salinity can have negative effects on plant development and productivity. Therefore, with the objective of selecting soybean genotypes with greater tolerance to water and saline stresses, two experiments were carried out, being water stress and saline stress in soybean genotypes, following a completely randomized experimental design, with a factorial arrangement of 8×3, with 5 replicates. For water stress, eight soybean genotypes and three stress treatments (control, moderate dry and severe dry) were used. For saline stress, the same water stress genotypes and three conductivity levels were used in the irrigation water, 0.8 dS m-1 (control), 4.0 dS m-1 (moderate salinity) and 8.0 dS m-1 (severe salinity). The parameters of growth, gas exchange, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and photosynthetic pigments were evaluated. Stresses significantly reduced the physiological processes of photosynthesis and plant biomass productivity due to stomatal closure factors. Plants M8349, BMX Bonus and RK8317 obtained better performance in moderate drought conditions while M8808 plants can be grown under severe water stress. For salinity, BMX Bonus and RK8115 present high tolerance to irrigation with moderate salinity water and genotype M8349 developed better in severe salinity. The soybean genotypes studied presented a higher average tolerance to moderate salt stress than moderate drought. The genotypes M8349, BMX Bonus and RK8317 can be grown on soils with moderate water availability, and genotype M8808 can be grown under severe water stress. The BMX Bonus and RK8115 genotypes present high tolerance to irrigation with water with electrical conductivity ≤ 4.0 dS m-1 , and genotype M8349 is best developed when irrigated with water with electrical conductivity around 8.0 dS m-1 . Genotypes tolerant to water and saline stress can be widely used in breeding and breeding programs to develop new cultivars with higher yields in environments with adverse conditions.

The Cerrado is the second largest Brazilian biome, standing out from the other savannas in the world due to its great biodiversity and therefore it is considered one of the world hotspots. The Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP), located in the Cerrado biome, in the state of Maranhão, includes several phytophysiognomies, high scientific, ecological and tourism potential and was one of the first protection areas to be part of the Integrated Fire Management – IFM program - Cerrado Jalapão. Therefore, the goals of the study was to determine the reconstruction of the burn regime of the CMNP, covering the period 1990-2017, and analyze the relation with the types of physiognomies of the park. In this way, a temporal space study was carried out using tools and remote sensing data, in order to obtain data on the burn regime (frequency, area, season), being carried out also the mapping of the classification of vegetation types of CMNP using high resolution satellite imagery and spatial analysis of object-oriented classification. The study will be carried out using software (ArcGIS, QGIS), Rstudio and and algorithms implemented in libraries in Python, and vector and raster data. The use of computational methods and tools, such as geoprocessing and remote sensing, allowed the study to be carried out throughout the CMPN area and buffer for determination of the burned regime, and the mapping of the vegetation in the park area.Therefore, the research sought to contribute to the management and monitoring of the park, one of the greatest riches of the cerrado biome ecosystem in the state of Maranhão, besides subsidizing and stimulate future research.

With the expansion of forest plantations in the national territory and the imminence of the increase in temperatures due to global warming, it becomes relevant to approach technologies that favor the growth and development of the clonal minijardim in order to guarantee nursery productivity. The application of particle films based on calcined kaolin has been used as a protective barrier against the negative effects of solar radiation and temperature. The present proposal seeks to evaluate the effects of the application of purified particle-calcined kaolin film, in clonal minijardim, in the production and quality of eucalyptus minicuttings. Five treatments will be established, being: control (without particle-film application), 3%, 5% 7% and 10% syrup volume. The application will be performed on the adaxial part of the sheets. The experimental design will be in randomized blocks with four replications. Each treatment will consist of 100 minicepas (01 m², spaced 10 cm x 10 cm), totaling 500 experimental units per block and 2000 in total. The minicepas will be evaluated for leaf temperature, gas exchange (liquid photosynthetic rate, conductance and transpiration), water use efficiency, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, green intensity and minicut productivity. The minicuttings will be evaluated for length, diameter, specific foliar mass, nutritional evaluation (macro and micronutrients), rooting and survival. The seedlings will be evaluated for height and diameter, dry weight of shoot and root.

The soybean cultivation is of great agricultural importance, both nationally and internationally. The increasing frequency and intensity of drought periods associated with high temperatures due to climate change has been causing substantial losses in agricultural areas. Thus, evaluations of the ecophysiological performance of the plants allow to understand the behaviour of the physiological variables (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis and foliar temperature), as well as the responses in productive yield. The water use efficiency characterizes the connection of water and carbon cycles. Understanding the physiological mechanisms involved in this property, and being able to predict its behaviour in an environment of constant change is a fundamental challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ecophysiological behaviour of soybean cultivars. Were used three cultivars (CS01, CS02 e CS03), evaluated during the V5 and R5 stages. As the physiological parameters: photosynthetic assimilation CO₂, transpiration, stomatal conductance, SPAD index, Fv/Fm and photosynthetic index (PI). With the gas exchanges values, the water use (WUE) efficiency and the water use intrinsic efficiency (WUEi) were determined. In addition, were obtained production components and biomass. The gas exchanges were significant at the R5 stage. The CS02 presented the highest mean values of the Fv/Fm ratio and PI. The WUE presented positive linear relationships for all cultivars. In both developmental stages, CS02 was more efficient in water use, obtaining a higher CO₂ assimilation value for each gram of water transpired in the V5 stage (13,62 mg CO₂ g^-1 H₂O). The WUEi maximum values were verified in CS03, presenting, 22,71 e 1,63 µmol CO₂ mol^-1 H₂O, for V5 and R5, respectively. According to the results, CS02 obtained the best performance in the main analysed variables, being the most efficient in the water use and more productive of the studied cultivars, in field conditions in the southwest of Maranhão.

Precision agriculture has as its starting point the idea that it’s possible to identify predictive variables for the proper development of a crop, besides being able to quantify them and to locate them graphically in order to guide management decision-making. The objective of this work was to map and evaluate the spatial variation of chemical indicators of soil quality and components of corn crop productivity, to identify among chemical attributes those that behave as limiting maize productivity and to delineate specific sites that will deserve differentiated management posteriorly. The experiment was conducted in an area of 0.7 hectare with 100 sample points regularly dispersed in a 10 x 10 m sample grid. The data were analyzed in interconnected stages: Step 1) descriptive statistics, Step 2) normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), Step 3) semivariogram parameters, Step 4) correlation analysis, Step 5) isoline maps. It was verified the presence of spatial variability for all soil chemical attributes and productivity components. The degree of spatial dependence ranged from moderate to strong, which allowed the potentialities and limitations of the long-term no-tillage system to be demonstrated through isolate maps. Positive correlation was verified between phosphorus and yield.